Continuity of care in disease-related malnutrition and nutritional medical treatment.

Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) continues to be a very significant healthcare problem, both in our hospitals and in the community. It is often not properly diagnosed or treated, despite a growing body of evidence highlighting its clinical and economic consequences. The transition between clinical care in the hospital and community services (Primary Care (PC) and Nursing Homes) is a key element in the prevention, detection and treatment of DRM. In October 2020, the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the main societies of PC physicians in our country (SEMERGEN, SEMFYC and SEMG) met for the first time within the virtual NutriSEEN forum. From that moment on, a joint working group was created for this issue. This document tries to establish joint lines of work between the Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic Units (UNCyD) and the Primary Care teams to improve the detection and treatment of DRM. The clinical consequences and costs associated with DRE, nutritional risk screening, assessment and medical nutritional treatment are considered in a coordinated way between the PC teams and the UNCyD, as well as future proposals to improve the management of DRM.

[Nutrition in palliative care: guidelines from the Working Group on Bioethics, Spanish Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (SENPE)]. / Nutrición en cuidados paliativos: resumen de recomendaciones del Grupo de Trabajo de Ética de la SENPE.

Introduction: Palliative care provides a holistic approach and care for patients with a terminal illness and their families. In palliative care physical complaints as well as emotional, social and spiritual aspects are considered. Nutritional care should be also considered within palliative support. For those working in the nutritional support field, to withhold or withdraw nutritional support may be an ethical dilemma in this scenario. The controversy starts when considering nutrition and hydration as basic care or a treatment. The goals of nutrition support in palliative care patients differ from common ones, aiming to improve quality of life, survival or both. The decision should be based on a consideration of prognosis (length of survival), quality of life, and risks-benefits ratio. Regarding oral nutrition (with or without oral supplements) the idea prevails of "comfort feeding", based on providing oral feeding till discomfort or avoidance develop. There is no evidence on the benefit of specific nutrients, despite the fact that omega-3 FAs may have some positive effects in patients with cancer. Regarding nutritional support (enteral or parenteral), no scientific evidence is present, so the decision needs to be agreed according to the desires and beliefs of the patient and their family, and based on a consensus with the interdisciplinary team on the aims of this support.

Introducción: Los cuidados paliativos proporcionan una atención integral que tiene en cuenta los aspectos físicos, emocionales, sociales y espirituales del paciente con enfermedad terminal y su entorno familiar. El tratamiento nutricional debe formar parte activa de los equipos de cuidados paliativos. La necesidad de iniciar o no un tratamiento nutricional sigue siendo, desde hace décadas, uno de los principales problemas éticos a los que se enfrentan los profesionales dedicados a la nutrición clínica. El origen de tal controversia radica, fundamentalmente, en cómo se consideran la nutrición y la hidratación: cuidado/soporte o tratamiento médico. Los objetivos fundamentales del tratamiento nutricional en los pacientes en cuidados paliativos deben ser otros: la mejoría de la calidad de vida, de la supervivencia o de ambas. La decisión de indicar o no el tratamiento nutricional en cuidados paliativos debe tomarse tras considerar el pronóstico, la calidad de vida y la relación "riesgo/beneficio". En relación a la alimentación por vía oral (con o sin suplementos orales), prevalece la idea de la "alimentación de confort", que se basa en intentos de alimentación oral hasta que se produzcan la incomodidad y/o el rechazo del paciente. No existen evidencias que justifiquen el uso de nutrientes específicos, aunque desde hace años se señala la posibilidad de lograr beneficios cuando se utilizan ácidos grasos omega-3 en los pacientes con cáncer. En cuanto al tratamiento nutricional (enteral o parenteral), en ausencia de evidencia, las decisiones sobre si iniciar una nutrición artificial en un paciente paliativo deben tomarse teniendo en cuenta los deseos y creencias del paciente y sus familiares, y basarse en el consenso del equipo interdisciplinar sobre los objetivos que se persiguen al iniciarla.

Multidisciplinary consensus on nutritional and metabolic therapy in enhanced recovery after abdominal surgery programs: NutRICA Project.

BACKGROUND: The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) care pathways include evidence-based items designed to accelerate recovery after surgery. Interdisciplinarity is one of the key points of ERAS programs. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a consensus document among the members of the Nutrition Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the Spanish Group for Multimodal Rehabilitation (GERM), in which the goal is to homogenize the nutritional and metabolic management of patients included in an ERAS program. METHODS: 69 specialists in Endocrinology and Nutrition and 85 members of the GERM participated in the project. After a literature review, 79 statements were proposed, divided into 5 sections: 17 of general characteristics, 28 referring to the preoperative period, 4 to the intraoperative, 13 to the perioperative and 17 to the postoperative period. The degree of consensus was determined through a Delphi process of 2 circulations that was ratified by a consistency analysis. RESULTS: Overall, in 61 of the 79 statements there was a consistent agreement, with the degree of consensus being greater among members of the SEEN (64/79) than members of the GERM (59/79). Within the 18 statements where a consistent agreement was not reached, we should highlight some important nutritional strategies such as muscle mass assessment, the start of early oral feeding or pharmaconutrition. CONCLUSION: Consensus was reached on the vast majority of the nutritional measures and care included in ERAS programs. Due to the lack of agreement on certain key points, it is necessary to continue working closely with both societies to improve the recovery of the surgical patients.

RECALSEEN. Subgroup: Patient care in the clinical nutrition units of the Spanish National Health System.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial nutrition (AI) is one of the most representative examples of coordinated therapeutic programs, and therefore requires adequate development and organization. The first clinical nutrition units (CNUs) emerged in the public hospitals of the Spanish National Health System (NHS) in the 80s and have gradually been incorporated into the departments of endocrinology and nutrition (DENs). The purpose of our article is to report on the results found in the RECALSEEN study as regards the professional and organizational aspects relating to CNUs and their structure and operation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from the RECALSEEN study, a cross-sectional, descriptive study of the DENs in the Spanish NHS in 2016. The survey was compiled from March to September 2017. Qualitative variables were reported as frequency distributions (number of cases and percentages), and quantitative variables as the mean, median, and standard deviation (SD). RESULTS: A total of 88 (70%) DENs, out of a total of 125 general acute hospitals of the NHS with 200 or more installed beds, completed the survey. CNUs were available in 83% of DENs (98% in hospitals with 500 or more beds). As a median, DENs had one nurse dedicated to nutrition (35% did not have this resource). Fifty-three percent of DENs with nutrition units had dieticians integrated into the unit (median: 1). DENs located in hospitals with 500 or more beds are more complex and have a wide portfolio of monographic unit services (morbid obesity, 78.3%; artificial home nutrition, 87%; chronic diseases, 65.2%) and specific techniques (impedanciometry, 78%). However, only 14% of the centers perform universal screening tests for malnutrition, and a secondary diagnosis of malnutrition only appears in 12.3 reports per 1000 hospital discharges. DISCUSSION: After the 1997 and 2003 studies, the results of 2017 show a marked growth and consolidation of CNUs within the DENs in most hospitals. Today, the growth of this specialty is largely due to the care demand created by hospital clinical nutrition. CNUs still have an insufficient nursing staff and dietitians/nutritionists, and in the latter case, atypical contracts or grants funded by research projects or the pharmaceutical industry are common. Units for specific nutritional diseases and participation in multidisciplinary groups, quite heterogeneous, are concentrated in hospitals with 500 or more beds and represent an excellent opportunity for CNU development. CONCLUSIONS: Many DENs of Spanish hospitals include CNUs where care is provided by endocrinologists, who devote most of their time to clinical nutrition in more than half of the hospitals. This is most common in large centers with a high workload in relation to staffing. There is considerable heterogeneity between hospitals in terms of both the number and type of activity of the CNUs.

Multidisciplinary consensus on nutritional and metabolic therapy in enhanced recovery after abdominal surgery programs: NutRICA Project. / Consenso multidisciplinar sobre la terapia nutricional y metabólica en los programas de recuperación intensificada en cirugía abdominal: Proyecto NutRICA.

BACKGROUND: The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) care pathways include evidence-based items designed to accelerate recovery after surgery. Interdisciplinarity is one of the key points of ERAS programs. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a consensus document among the members of the Nutrition Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the Spanish Group for Multimodal Rehabilitation (GERM), in which the goal is to homogenize the nutritional and metabolic management of patients included in an ERAS program. METHODS: 69 specialists in Endocrinology and Nutrition and 85 members of the GERM participated in the project. After a literature review, 79 statements were proposed, divided into 5 sections: 17 of general characteristics, 28 referring to the preoperative period, 4 to the intraoperative, 13 to the perioperative and 17 to the postoperative period. The degree of consensus was determined through a Delphi process of 2 circulations that was ratified by a consistency analysis. RESULTS: Overall, in 61 of the 79 statements there was a consistent agreement, with the degree of consensus being greater among members of the SEEN (64/79) than members of the GERM (59/79). Within the 18 statements where a consistent agreement was not reached, we should highlight some important nutritional strategies such as muscle mass assessment, the start of early oral feeding or pharmaconutrition. CONCLUSION: Consensus was reached on the vast majority of the nutritional measures and care included in ERAS programs. Due to the lack of agreement on certain key points, it is necessary to continue working closely with both societies to improve the recovery of the surgical patients.

Fish Oil Enriched Intravenous Lipid Emulsions Reduce Triglyceride Levels in Non-Critically Ill Patients with TPN and Type 2 Diabetes. A Post-Hoc Analysis of the INSUPAR Study.

There are no studies that have specifically assessed the role of intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) enriched with fish oil in people with diabetes receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The objective of this study was to assess the metabolic control (glycemic and lipid) and in-hospital complications that occurred in non-critically ill inpatients with TPN and type 2 diabetes with regard to the use of fish oil emulsions compared with other ILEs. We performed a post-hoc analysis of the Insulin in Parenteral Nutrition (INSUPAR) trial that included patients who started with TPN for any cause and that would predictably continue with TPN for at least five days. The study included 161 patients who started with TPN for any cause. There were 80 patients (49.7%) on fish oil enriched ILEs and 81 patients (50.3%) on other ILEs. We found significant decreases in triglyceride levels in the fish oil group compared to the other patients. We did not find any differences in glucose metabolic control: mean capillary glucose, glycemic variability, and insulin dose, except in the number of mild hypoglycemic events that was significantly higher in the fish oil group. We did not observe any differences in other metabolic, liver or infectious complications, in-hospital length of stay or mortality.

Evolution of nutritional status and survival in patients with cancer on tyrosine kinase inhibitors treatment. / Evolución nutricional y de la supervivencia en un grupo de pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento con inhibidores de tirosina quinasa.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Treatment with oral antineoplastic agents known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is new and, thus, little is known about their impact on nutritional status (NS), dietary intake, quality of life, and survival. The aim of this study was to provide information on these components in order to guide future nutritional recommendations. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A prospective, observational study in adults who start treatment with TKIs, in whom NS was assessed using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters, and dietary intake (24-hour dietary recall). The EORTC QLQ-C30 was used to assess quality of life. Nonparametric tests were used in statistical analysis, and survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank curves. RESULTS: Of the overall sample, 21.7% had moderate malnutrition according to PG-SGA, and 74.2% moderate weight loss at 6 months, but no patient had BMI<18.5kg/m2. Patients with moderate malnutrition had lower survival at four years of diagnosis (log-rank=0.015). Energy intake was lower than recommended by the ESPEN 2017 congress, and no patient covered the protein requirements (1.5g protein/kg weight) during follow-up. A worse score on the global health scale of the EORTC QLQ-C30 was related to worse NS. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with TKIs does not appear to have a significant impact on NS and quality of life after 6 months of follow-up. Malnutrition should be prevented through individualized nutritional advice because it is related to shorter survival.

Clinical and economic impact of the taurolidine lock on home parenteral nutrition.

INTRODUCTION: catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are one of the most serious concerns in patients on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) which involve high morbidity and cost for the healthcare system. In the last years, taurolidine lock has proven to be beneficial in the prevention of CRBSI; however, the evidence of its efficiency is limited. OBJECTIVE: to determine if taurolidine lock is a cost-effective intervention in patients on HPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: retrospective study in patients on HPN with taurolidine lock. We compared the CRBSI rate and cost of its complications before and during taurolidine lock. RESULTS: thirteen patients, six (46%) males and seven (54%) females, with a mean age of 61.08 (SD = 14.18) years received taurolidine lock. The total days of catheterization pre and per-taurolidine were 12,186 and 5,293, respectively. The underlying disease was benign in five patients (38.5%) and malignant in eight (61.5%). The CRBSI rate pre vs per-taurolidine was 3.12 vs 0.76 episodes per 1,000 catheter days (p = 0.0058). When the indication was a high CRBSI rate, this was 9.72 vs 0.39 (p < 0.001) in pre and per-taurolidine period respectively. No differences have been observed in the occlusion rates. None of the patients reported any adverse effects. The total cost of CRBSI in the pre-taurolidine period was 151,264.14 euros vs 24,331.19 euros in the per-taurolidine period. CONCLUSIONS: our study shows that taurolidine lock is a cost-effective intervention in patients on HPN with high risk of CRBSI.

Terms, concepts and definitions in clinical artificial nutrition. The ConT-SEEN Project. / Términos, conceptos y definiciones en nutrición clínica artificial. Proyecto ConT-SEEN.

BACKGROUND: Imprecision in terms used in the field of clinical nutrition may lead to misinterpretations among professionals. OBJECTIVE: For this reason, the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) promoted this document on the terms and definitions used in clinical artificial nutrition (enteral and parenteral), establishing an agreement between Spanish experts of this specialty. METHODS: Forty-seven specialists in endocrinology and nutrition, members of the Nutrition Area of the SEEN, participated between April and September 2016. After a systematic literature review, 52 concepts were proposed. The coordinators included two additional concepts, and 57were finally selected by the working group: 13 of a general nature, 30 referring to enteral nutrition and 14 to parenteral nutrition. The degree of agreement was subsequently determined using a two-round Delphi process. It was finally ratified by consistency and concordance analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-four of the 57 terms had a very consistent agreement and were concordant. Only three showed no concordance, of whom two were very consistent and one inconsistent. In conclusion, there was consensus in the definition of 54 basic terms in the practice of clinical nutrition.

Ingesta dietética de pacientes adultos con esofagitis eosinofílica que siguen una dieta de exclusión de seis grupos de alimentos / Dietary intake for adult eosinophilic esophagitis patients following a six-food-groups elimination diet

Introducción: la esofagitis eosinofílica (EEo) es una enfermedad inmunoalérgica crónica emergente en adultos. Surge como respuesta disfuncional frente a los antígenos de los alimentos y se caracteriza por síntomas recurrentes de disfunción esofágica e inflamación. El tratamiento farmacológico y dietético se basa en su patogénesis y debe ser individualizado. Uno de los posibles abordajes dietéticos se basa en la eliminación empírica de alimentos que con mayor frecuencia causan EEo. Objetivo: evaluar la ingesta dietética de los pacientes con EEo que siguen la dieta de exclusión de los seis grupos de alimentos (DESGA) y conocer sus posibles carencias nutricionales. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo en un grupo de pacientes con EEo que inició tratamiento con DESGA durante el periodo de marzo del 2013 hasta marzo del 2015. Se evaluó la ingesta mediante registro de 72 h. Se compararon los resultados con las referencias para población adulta sana española Moreiras, 2013. Para el análisis estadístico se usaron los test de Mann-Whitney, Krhuskall-Wallis y chi cuadrado. Signifi cación p < 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron en el estudio 14 pacientes. En algunos de ellos, la ingesta dietética siguiendo DESGA fue deficitaria en energía, proteínas y fibra. Tampoco consiguieron cubrir las ingestas de micronutrientes de calcio, zinc, magnesio, ácido fólico, niacina y vitaminas B2 y D, teniendo en cuenta edad y sexo, el 60% de la muestra. Conclusiones: el abordaje terapéutico mediante DESGA, teniendo en cuenta las características de la dieta, debe acompañarse de una evaluación periódica del estado nutricional, que incluya micronutrientes y una pauta de suplementación específica (AU)

Introduction: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging chronic immune/antigen mediated inflammatory disease in adults. It develops as a dysfunctional response to food antigens and is characterized by recurrent symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and inflammation. Drug and dietary treatment are based on its pathogenesis and should be individualized. One of the possible dietary approaches is based on empirical elimination of foods which most commonly cause EoE. Objective: To evaluate dietary intake of patients who follow the diet consisting of the exclusion of six food groups (DESGA) and to know its potential nutritional deficiencies. Methods: Cross-sectional study of patients who started treatment with DESGA diet between March 2013 and March 2015. A 72 h dietary record was completed. The results were compared with the references for the Spanish healthy adult population Moreiras, 2013. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The study included 14 patients. For some of them, the DESGA diet was defi cient inenergy, protein and fiber. Taking into account age and sex, sixty percent of the sample did not get adequate amount of calcium, zinc, magnesium, folic acid, niacin, vitamin B2 and vitamin D. Conclusions: Considering the characteristics of the DESGA diet, this therapeutic approach must be accompanied by a periodic assessment of nutritional status, including micronutrients and a pattern of specific supplementation (AU)

Ingesta dietética y estado nutricional de pacientes oncológicos que inician tratamiento con inhibidores tirosina quinasa / Dietary intake and nutritional status in oncology patients who start treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Introducción: la investigación sobre nuevos antineoplásicos orales sigue avanzando en los últimos años mientras que su repercusión sobre la ingesta dietética y el estado nutricional (EN) no progresa de la misma forma. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta dietética y EN de pacientes que inician tratamiento con inhibidores tirosina quinasa (ITK) y valorar el impacto que tienen sobre ellos. Métodos: estudio observacional y prospectivo de seis meses en el que se incluyeron pacientes que iniciaban tratamiento con ITK. La ingesta se evaluó con: recuerdo 24 h y cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo. El EN se valoró con: medidas antropométricas y cuestionario de valoración subjetiva global generada por el paciente (VSGGP); los resultados se compararon con las referencias SENC-semFYC, 2007 y Moreiras O., 2013. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron: Test de Friedman, χ2, Wilcoxon, Kruskall-Wallis y Mann-Whitney. Significación p< 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron 22 pacientes (54,5% hombres). Al inicio del tratamiento, el 73,9% tenía un EN adecuado según VSG-GP. No se produjeron pérdidas de peso significativas, pese a que un porcentaje elevado no cubrió los requerimientos energéticos y proteicos. El número de comidas se relacionó positivamente con la ingesta calórica. La ingesta y los patrones de frecuencia de consumo por grupos de alimentos tampoco variaron durante el tratamiento. Conclusión: la ingesta dietética al inicio del tratamiento no alcanza los requerimientos nutricionales. Los ITK no parecen afectar la ingesta ni el estado nutricional de los pacientes. El estudio de estos parámetros antes de comenzar el tratamiento evitaría futuras complicaciones y guiaría el consejo dietético (AU)

Background: in recent years, researching about new oral antineoplastics has progressed while its impact on dietary intake and nutritional status (NS) hasn’t developed enough yet. Objectives: dietary intake and NS assessment in patients who start treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and evaluate its impact on them. Methods: an observational, prospective-six-months study, in which were included patients starting treatment with TKI. The intake was evaluated by a 24 h dietary record and a food frequency questionnaire. The NS was evaluated by anthropometric measurements and the patient-generated Global Subjective Assessment (PG-GSA); the results were compared with the Spanish references (SENC-semFYC, 2007 and O. Moreiras, 2013). Friedman test, χ2, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney were used in the statistical analysis. Significance p< 0.05. Results: 22 patients (54.5% male) were included. At baseline, NS was adequate in 73.9% of patients according PG-GSA. Weight loss was no significant, although a high percentage of the energy and protein requirements hadn´t been reached. The caloric intake was positively related with the number of meals. Dietary habits did not change during treatment. Conclusion: dietary intake did not reach nutritional requirements at baseline. The TKI don´t seem to affect the patient´s intake and nutritional status. The research about these parameters before starting treatment could prevent future complications and it would guide the dietary advice (AU)

Implantación de un sistema de gestión de calidad en una unidad de nutrición según la norma UNE-EN-ISO 9001: 2008 / Implementation of a quality management system in a nutrition unit according to ISO 9001: 2008

Introducción: la implantación de sistemas de gestión de calidad (SGC) en el sector sanitario ha presentado un gran avance en los últimos años, siendo una herramienta clave para la gestión y la mejora de los servicios ofrecidos a los pacientes. Objetivo: describir el proceso de implantación de un SGC según la Norma ISO 9001:2008 en una unidad de nutrición. Material y métodos: el proceso comenzó en octubre de 2012. Se contó con la asesoría del servicio de medicina preventiva y gestión de calidad (MPGC) del hospital. Al inicio se realizaron sesiones formativas sobre SGC y normas ISO para el personal. Se instauró un comité de calidad (CC) con representación del personal facultativo y de enfermería. Semanalmente, se reunían los miembros del CC y del servicio de MPGC para definir los procesos, los procedimientos y los indicadores de calidad. Antes de validarlos se probaron durante dos meses. Resultados: se identificaron y documentaron un total de 4 procesos (Valoración del estado nutricional, Indicación de tratamiento nutricional, Seguimiento del tratamiento nutricional y Planificación y control de la alimentación oral) y 13 procedimientos operativos donde quedó recogida toda la actividad de la unidad. Las interacciones entre ellos quedaron definidas en el mapa de procesos. En cada uno de los procesos se identificaron indicadores de calidad para medir el estado del SGC y detectar oportunidades de mejora. Se desarrollaron todos los documentos asociados a requerimientos de la Norma ISO 9001:2008: política de calidad, objetivos de calidad, manual de calidad, procedimiento de control de la documentación y registros, de auditoría interna, de no conformidad y de acciones correctivas y preventivas. La unidad obtuvo la certificación de AENOR en abril de 2013. Conclusiones: la implantación de un SGC supone hacer una reflexión sobre las actividades que realiza la unidad con el objetivo de satisfacer las expectativas de los usuarios que demandan nuestros servicios. Documentar dichas actividades asegura un mejor entendimiento de la organización, define las responsabilidades de todo el personal y provoca una mejor gestión del tiempo y los recursos. También mejora la comunicación interna y supone un elemento motivador. Explorar la satisfacción y expectativas de los pacientes permite incluir su punto de vista en el diseño de los procesos asistenciales (AU)

Introduction: the implementation of quality management systems (QMS) in the health sector has made great progress in recent years, remains a key tool for the management and improvement of services provides to patients. Aim: to describe the process of implementing a quality management system (QMS) according to the standard ISO 9001:2008 in a Nutrition Unit. Methods: the implementation began in October 2012. Nutrition Unit was supported by Hospital Preventive Medicine and Quality Management Service (PMQM). Initially training sessions on QMS and ISO standards for staff were held. Quality Committee (QC) was established with representation of the medical and nursing staff. Every week, meeting took place among members of the QC and PMQM to define processes, procedures and quality indicators. We carry on a 2 months follow-up of these documents after their validation. Results: a total of 4 processes were identified and documented (Nutritional status assessment, Nutritional treatment, Monitoring of nutritional treatment and Planning and control of oral feeding) and 13 operating procedures in which all the activity of the Unit were described. The interactions among them were defined in the processes map. Each process has associated specific quality indicators for measuring the state of the QMS, and identifying opportunities for improvement. All the documents associated with requirements of ISO 9001:2008 were developed: quality policy, quality objectives, quality manual, documents and records control, internal audit, nonconformities and corrective and preventive actions. The unit was certified by AENOR in April 2013. Conclusion: the implementation of a QMS causes a reorganization of the activities of the Unit in order to meet customer’s expectations. Documenting these activities ensures a better understanding of the organization, defines the responsibilities of all staff and brings a better management of time and resources. QMS also improves the internal communication and is a motivational element. Explore the satisfaction and expectations of patients can include their view in the design of care processes (AU)

[DIETARY INTAKE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN ONCOLOGY PATIENTS WHO START TREATMENT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS]. / INGESTA DIETÉTICA Y ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DE PACIENTES ONCOLÓGICOS QUE INICIAN TRATAMIENTO CON INHIBIDORES TIROSINA QUINASA.

BACKGROUND: in recent years, researching about new oral antineoplastics has progressed while its impact on dietary intake and nutritional status (NS) hasn't developed enough yet. OBJECTIVES: dietary intake and NS assessment in patients who start treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and evaluate its impact on them. METHODS: an observational, prospective-six-months study, in which were included patients starting treatment with TKI. The intake was evaluated by a 24 h dietary record and a food frequency questionnaire. The NS was evaluated by anthropometric measurements and the patient-generated Global Subjective Assessment (PG-GSA); the results were compared with the Spanish references (SENC-semFYC, 2007 and O. Moreiras, 2013). Friedman test, χ2, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney were used in the statistical analysis. Significance p < 0.05. RESULTS: 22 patients (54.5% male) were included. At baseline, NS was adequate in 73.9% of patients according PG-GSA. Weight loss was no significant, although a high percentage of the energy and protein requirements hadn't been reached. The caloric intake was positively related with the number of meals. Dietary habits did not change during treatment. CONCLUSION: dietary intake did not reach nutritional requirements at baseline. The TKI don't seem to affect the patient's intake and nutritional status. The research about these parameters before starting treatment could prevent future complications and it would guide the dietary advice.

Introducción: la investigación sobre nuevos antineoplásicos orales sigue avanzando en los últimos años mientras que su repercusión sobre la ingesta dietética y el estado nutricional (EN) no progresa de la misma forma. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta dietética y EN de pacientes que inician tratamiento con inhibidores tirosina quinasa (ITK) y valorar el impacto que tienen sobre ellos. Métodos: estudio observacional y prospectivo de seis meses en el que se incluyeron pacientes que iniciaban tratamiento con ITK. La ingesta se evaluó con: recuerdo 24 h y cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo. El EN se valoró con: medidas antropométricas y cuestionario de valoración subjetiva global generada por el paciente (VSGGP); los resultados se compararon con las referencias SENC-semFYC, 2007 y Moreiras O., 2013. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron: Test de Friedman, 2, Wilcoxon, Kruskall-Wallis y Mann-Whitney. Significación p < 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron 22 pacientes (54,5% hombres). Al inicio del tratamiento, el 73,9% tenía un EN adecuado según VSG-GP. No se produjeron pérdidas de peso significativas, pese a que un porcentaje elevado no cubrió los requerimientos energéticos y proteicos. El número de comidas se relacionó positivamente con la ingesta calórica. La ingesta y los patrones de frecuencia de consumo por grupos de alimentos tampoco variaron durante el tratamiento. Conclusión: la ingesta dietética al inicio del tratamiento no alcanza los requerimientos nutricionales. Los ITK no parecen afectar la ingesta ni el estado nutricional de los pacientes. El estudio de estos parámetros antes de comenzar el tratamiento evitaría futuras complicaciones y guiaría el consejo dietético.

[IMPLEMENTATION OF A QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN A NUTRITION UNIT ACCORDING TO ISO 9001:2008]. / IMPLANTACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE GESTIÓN DE CALIDAD EN UNA UNIDAD DE NUTRICIÓN SEGÚN LA NORMA UNE-EN-ISO 9001:2008.

INTRODUCTION: the implementation of quality management systems (QMS) in the health sector has made great progress in recent years, remains a key tool for the management and improvement of services provides to patients. AIM: to describe the process of implementing a quality management system (QMS) according to the standard ISO 9001:2008 in a Nutrition Unit. METHODS: the implementation began in October 2012. Nutrition Unit was supported by Hospital Preventive Medicine and Quality Management Service (PMQM). Initially training sessions on QMS and ISO standards for staff were held. Quality Committee (QC) was established with representation of the medical and nursing staff. Every week, meeting took place among members of the QC and PMQM to define processes, procedures and quality indicators. We carry on a 2 months follow-up of these documents after their validation. RESULTS: a total of 4 processes were identified and documented (Nutritional status assessment, Nutritional treatment, Monitoring of nutritional treatment and Planning and control of oral feeding) and 13 operating procedures in which all the activity of the Unit were described. The interactions among them were defined in the processes map. Each process has associated specific quality indicators for measuring the state of the QMS, and identifying opportunities for improvement. All the documents associated with requirements of ISO 9001:2008 were developed: quality policy, quality objectives, quality manual, documents and records control, internal audit, nonconformities and corrective and preventive actions. The unit was certified by AENOR in April 2013. CONCLUSION: the implementation of a QMS causes a reorganization of the activities of the Unit in order to meet customer's expectations. Documenting these activities ensures a better understanding of the organization, defines the responsibilities of all staff and brings a better management of time and resources. QMS also improves the internal communication and is a motivational element. Explore the satisfaction and expectations of patients can include their view in the design of care processes.

Introducción: la implantación de sistemas de gestión de calidad (SGC) en el sector sanitario ha presentado un gran avance en los últimos años, siendo una herramienta clave para la gestión y la mejora de los servicios ofrecidos a los pacientes. Objetivo: describir el proceso de implantación de un SGC según la Norma ISO 9001:2008 en una unidad de nutrición. Material y métodos: el proceso comenzó en octubre de 2012. Se contó con la asesoría del servicio de medicina preventiva y gestión de calidad (MPGC) del hospital. Al inicio se realizaron sesiones formativas sobre SGC y normas ISO para el personal. Se instauró un comité de calidad (CC) con representación del personal facultativo y de enfermería. Semanalmente, se reunían los miembros del CC y del servicio de MPGC para definir los procesos, los procedimientos y los indicadores de calidad. Antes de validarlos se probaron durante dos meses. Resultados: se identificaron y documentaron un total de 4 procesos (Valoración del estado nutricional, Indicación de tratamiento nutricional, Seguimiento del tratamiento nutricional y Planificación y control de la alimentación oral) y 13 procedimientos operativos donde quedó recogida toda la actividad de la unidad. Las interacciones entre ellos quedaron definidas en el mapa de procesos. En cada uno de los procesos se identificaron indicadores de calidad para medir el estado del SGC y detectar oportunidades de mejora. Se desarrollaron todos los documentos asociados a requerimientos de la Norma ISO 9001:2008: política de calidad, objetivos de calidad, manual de calidad, procedimiento de control de la documentación y registros, de auditoría interna, de no conformidad y de acciones correctivas y preventivas. La unidad obtuvo la certificación de AENOR en abril de 2013. Conclusiones: la implantación de un SGC supone hacer una reflexión sobre las actividades que realiza la unidad con el objetivo de satisfacer las expectativas de los usuarios que demandan nuestros servicios. Documentar dichas actividades asegura un mejor entendimiento de la organización, define las responsabilidades de todo el personal y provoca una mejor gestión del tiempo y los recursos. También mejora la comunicación interna y supone un elemento motivador. Explorar la satisfacción y expectativas de los pacientes permite incluir su punto de vista en el diseño de los procesos asistenciales.

Exposición al metilmercurio en la población general; toxicocinética; diferencias según el sexo, factores nutricionales y genéticos / Methylmercury exposure in the general population; toxicokinetics; differences by gender, nutritional and genetic factors

El mercurio es un tóxico ambiental que causa numerosos efectos adversos en la salud humana y en los ecosistemas naturales. Los factores que determinan la aparición de efectos adversos y su severidad son entre otros: la forma química del mercurio (elemental, inorgánico, orgánico), la dosis, la edad, la duración de la exposición, la vía de exposición y los factores ambientales, nutricionales y genéticos. En el ciclo acuático del mercurio, una vez que se ha depositado, se transforma en metilmercurio por la acción de determinadas bacterias sulfato reductoras y se bioacumula en los organismos acuáticos incorporándose a la cadena trófica de alimentos. El contenido de metilmercurio es mayor en las especies depredadoras de mayor tamaño y que viven más años como el emperador, pez espada, tiburón, atún o marlín. El metilmercurio se halla unido a las proteínas del pescado por lo que no se elimina mediante la limpieza ni el cocinado del mismo. El feto en desarrollo y los niños pequeños son los más vulnerables a los efectos neurotóxicos del metilmercurio procedente de la ingesta de pescado contaminado. El metilmercurio se absorbe en el tracto gastrointestinal y atraviesa la barrera hematoencefálica y la placenta. Algunos componentes de la dieta como los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, el selenio, la fibra, los compuestos tiol, algunos fitoquímicos y otros nutrientes pueden modificar la bioaccesibilidad del mercurio y su toxicidad. Además de los factores ambientales, los factores genéticos pueden influir en la toxicidad del mercurio y explicar parte de la vulnerabilidad individual (AU)

Mercury is an environmental toxicant that causes numerous adverse effects on human health and natural ecosystems. The factors that determine the existance of adverse effects, as well as their severity are, among others: the chemical form of mercury (elemental, inorganic, organic), dosis, age, period of exposure, pathways of exposure and environmental, nutritional and genetic factors. In the aquatic cycle of mercury, once it has been deposited, it is transformed into methylmercury due to the action of certain sulphate-reducing bacteria, which bioaccumulates in the aquatic organisms and moves into the food chain. The methylmercury content of large, long-lived fish such as swordfish, shark, tuna or marlin, is higher. Methylmercury binds to protein in fish and is therefore not eliminated by cleaning or cooking the fish. Fetuses and small children are more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of methylmercury from the consumption of contaminated fish. Methylmercury is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placenta. The intake of certain dietary components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium, fiber, thiol compounds, certain phytochemicals and other nutrients can modify methylmercury bioaccesibility and its toxicity. Apart from environmental factors, genetic factors can influence mercury toxicity and explain part of the individual vulnerability (AU)

Oral versus intramuscular administration of vitamin B12 for the treatment of patients with vitamin B12 deficiency: a pragmatic, randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority clinical trial undertaken in the primary healthcare setting (Project OB12).

BACKGROUND: The oral administration of vitamin B12 offers a potentially simpler and cheaper alternative to parenteral administration, but its effectiveness has not been definitively demonstrated. The following protocol was designed to compare the effectiveness of orally and intramuscularly administered vitamin B12 in the treatment of patients ≥65 years of age with vitamin B12 deficiency. METHODS/DESIGN: The proposed study involves a controlled, randomised, multicentre, parallel, non-inferiority clinical trial lasting one year, involving 23 primary healthcare centres in the Madrid region (Spain), and patients ≥65 years of age. The minimum number of patients required for the study was calculated as 320 (160 in each arm). Bearing in mind an estimated 8-10% prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among the population of this age group, an initial sample of 3556 patients will need to be recruited. Eligible patients will be randomly assigned to one of the two treatment arms. In the intramuscular treatment arm, vitamin B12 will be administered as follows: 1 mg on alternate days in weeks 1 and 2, 1 mg/week in weeks 3-8,and 1 mg/month in weeks 9-52. In the oral arm, the vitamin will be administered as: 1 mg/day in weeks 1-8 and 1 mg/week in weeks 9-52. The main outcome variable to be monitored in both treatment arms is the normalisation of the serum vitamin B12 concentration at weeks 8, 26 and 52; the secondary outcome variables include the serum concentration of vitamin B12 (in pg/ml), adherence to treatment, quality of life (EuroQoL-5D questionnaire), patient 3satisfaction and patient preferences. All statistical tests will be performed with intention to treat and per protocol. Logistic regression with random effects will be used to adjust for prognostic factors. Confounding factors or factors that might alter the effect recorded will be taken into account in analyses. DISCUSSION: The results of this study should help establish, taking quality of life into account, whether the oral administration of vitamin B12 is an effective alternative to its intramuscular administration. If this administration route is effective, it should provide a cheaper means of treating vitamin B12 deficiency while inducing fewer adverse effects. Having such an alternative would also allow patient preferences to be taken into consideration at the time of prescribing treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 01476007, and under EUDRACT number 2010-024129-20.