High-intensity resistance exercise and Schinus terenbinthifolius supplementation attenuate oxidative stress and muscle damage biomarkers / El ejercicio de resistencia de alta intensidad y la suplementación con Schinus terenbinthifolius atenúan los biomarcadores del estrés oxidativo y daño muscular

SUMMARY: High-intensity physical exercises can cause oxidative stress and muscle damage. Several medicinal plants have been used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The present study evaluated high-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) associated with Schinus Terebentifholius ethanolic extract (EE) on oxidative parameters and muscle damage in Wistar rats. Animals were divided into 04 groups (n=10/group): 1. Control (CG) - animals that did not undergo HIRE and were treated with vehicle (distilled water, orally); 2. Acute exercise (AE) - animals submitted to acute exercise session; 3. Exercise + vehicle (EV) - animals that underwent HIRE and were treated with vehicle and 4. Exercise + extract (EX) animals administered with Schinus terebenthifolius EE (100mg/Kg, orally) and submitted to the exercise session. Schinus terebenthifolius EE showed high in vitro antioxidant activity (13.88 ± 0.36 mg/mL). Before the experimental period, lactate was measured at pre and post moments of AE (p<0.0001) and EX (p<0.0001) groups. After the acute session, the following were evaluated: oxidative stress {malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl groups (SH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)}, muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In the in vivo analyses of the EX group compared to AE and EV groups, respectively: hepatic (MDA: p<0.0001 and SH: p=0.0033, in both; FRAP: p=0.0011 and p=0.0047), muscle (MDA, SH and FRAP: p<0.0001, in both; CK: p=0.0001 and p<0.0001; LDH: p<0.0001, in both), serum levels (MDA: p=0.0003, p=0.0012, SH: p=0.0056, p=0.0200, FRAP: p=0.0017 and p=0.0165) were significant. There was no significant difference in ALT and AST markers. It could be concluded that Schinus terebenthifolius EE associated with HIRE attenuated oxidative stress and muscle damage in rats.

RESUMEN: Los ejercicios físicos de alta intensidad pueden causar estrés oxidativo y daño muscular. Varias plantas medicinales se han utilizado como agentes antioxidantes y antiinflamatorios. El presente estudio evaluó el ejercicio de resistencia de alta intensidad (HIRE) asociado con el extracto etanólico (EE) de Schinus terebentifholius sobre los parámetros oxidativos y el daño muscular en ratas Wistar. Los animales se dividieron en 4 grupos (n=10/grupo): 1. Control (GC) - animales que no se sometieron a HIRE y fueron tratados con vehículo (agua destilada, por vía oral); 2. Ejercicio agudo (AE) - animales sometidos a sesión de ejercicio agudo; 3. Ejercicio + vehículo (EV) - animales que se sometieron a HIRE y fueron tratados con vehículo y 4. Ejercicio + extracto (EX) animales administrados con Schinus terebenthifolius EE (100 mg/kg, por vía oral) y sometidos a la sesión de ejercicio. Schinus terebenthifolius EE mostró una alta actividad antioxidante in vitro (13,88 ± 0,36 mg/mL). Antes del período experimental, se midió el lactato en los momentos pre y post de los grupos AE (p<0,0001) y EX (p<0,0001). Tras la sesión aguda, se evaluaron: el estrés oxidativo malondialdehído (MDA), grupos sulfhidrilo (SH) y poder antioxidante reductor férrico (FRAP), daño muscular (creatina quinasa (CK) y lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH)), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). En los análisis in vivo del grupo EX frente a los grupos AE y EV, respectivamente: hepático (MDA: p<0,0001 y SH: p=0,0033, en ambos; FRAP: p=0,0011 y p=0,0047), muscular (MDA, SH y FRAP: p<0,0001, en ambos; CK: p=0,0001 y p<0,0001; LDH: p<0,0001, en ambos), niveles séricos (MDA: p=0,0003, p=0,0012, SH: p=0,0056, p=0,0200, FRAP: p=0,0017 y p=0,0165) fueron significativas. No hubo diferencia significativa en los marcadores ALT y AST. Se podría concluir que Schinus terebenthifolius EE asociado con HIRE atenuó el estrés oxidativo y el daño muscular en ratas.

Can Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Improve Combat Sports Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To verify the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on biochemical and physical measurements of combat sports athletes. RECENT FINDINGS: A systematic review of articles indexed in three databases (PubMed, CAPES journal, and Google Scholar) was carried out until October 2020, using descriptors related to NaHCO3 supplementation in combat sports. First, 38 articles were identified. Next, eight articles were selected through the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (8 and 9 points). Blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, Special Judo Fitness Test, Dummy throw, and mean and peak powers for Wingate were evaluated. Random effects meta-analysis was used, the effect size was adjusted by corrected Hedges' g, and the heterogeneity is explored by I2. The results were obtained through weighted average and 95% CI, and the significance limit was set as p < 0.05. NaHCO3 supplementation had a significant effect on increasing blood lactate (p = 0.006) of the athletes studied. However, the performance measures (rating of perceived exertion, power, and specific performance) did not show a significant difference (p ˂ 0.05). In conclusion, NaHCO3 supplementation causes a significant increase in blood lactate, indicating an ergogenic effect on buffer, which can delay the onset of fatigue and contribute to the performance of combat sports athletes. New experimental studies need to be published that assess the effect of acute and chronic NaHCO3 supplementation in specific combat sports tests and in women.

Physically active men with high brown adipose tissue activity showed increased energy expenditure after caffeine supplementation.

This study measured the effect of caffeine on brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and the energy expenditure (EE) of subjects with high (HBAT) or low (LBAT) activation. We performed a quasi-experimental double-blind protocol in which 24 physically active healthy men were measured (age: 24.1 ± 6.0 yrs; BM: 75.3 ± 14.4 kg; HT: 171.8 ± 5.9 cm; BMI: 25.5 ± 4.9 kg/m2). Infrared thermography (IRT) protocol was used to separate the participants into the groups according to the BAT activation: high (HBAT; n = 11) and low (LBAT; n = 13). All participants ingested a single supplement caffeine capsule (CAF) of 375 mg (~5 mg/kg BM) or placebo (PLA). Our experimental protocol measured two groups (HBAT and LBAT) under two conditions (CAF and PLA), with intake 30-min before the data collection. BAT activity lasted 60-min (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) and was estimated by IRT in subclavicular (Δ SCV) and external (Δ EXT) regions of interest (ROI) and EE by indirect calorimetry. The main results indicated that HBAT at 40-min showed an increased EE versus the other groups and conditions (p = 0.009). There was a significant difference for BAT activation at the 30 (p = 0.019), 40 (p = 0.009), 50 (p = 0.007) and 60 min (p = 0.012) between HBAT-CAF vs. LBAT-CAF. There was also a significant difference at the 20 (p = 0.024), 30 (p = 0.036), 50 (p = 0.05) and 60 min (p = 0.011) between HBAT-CAF vs. HBAT-PLA. In conclusion CAF intake (≈5 mg) increases the thermogenic activity of BAT in healthy young men and increases EE in HBAT subjects.

10 Years on Time-Motion and Motor Actions of Paired Mixed Martial Arts Athletes.

This study verified the performance probabilities by mixed martial arts rounds by the same athletes, doing paired comparisons of time-motion and actions before and after 10 y. The sample was composed of 845 Ultimate Fighting Championship rounds of 45 athletes separated into before (M1, age range 34-44 y) and after (M2, age range 44-54 y). Motor-control (takedowns, submissions, chokes, locks, strike actions to the head, and body and leg strikes attempted and landed) and time-motion (high and low intensities and standing and ground times) analyses were done. The main results showed significant differences (P ≤ .05) in total strikes landed (M1 22 [13; 34] > M2 18 [10; 31.7]), total strikes attempted (M1 41 [24.5; 62] > M2 35 [21; 48]), single head strikes attempted (M1 19 [9; 34.5] > M2 16.5 [9; 28]), single body strikes landed (M1 1 [0; 4] > M2 1 [0; 2]), single body strikes attempted (M1 2 [0; 5] > M2 1 [0; 3]), takedowns attempted (M1 1 [0; 2] > M2 1 [0; 2]), standing combat time (M1 2:10.28 [1:38.95] > M2 1:55.56 [1:32.17]), and low-intensity time (M1 2:11.45 [1:38.95] > M2 1:56.26 [1:31.89]). Variables that increased the probability to be associated with over the years were body strikes landed, head strikes landed, total strikes landed, and single strikes attempted, whereas body strikes attempted, head strikes attempted, total strikes attempted, and submission attempted had a negative association with mixed martial arts years of experience. Therefore, M2 athletes should be focused on standing combat time combined with strikes-landed actions, targeting the head-it has the highest potential performance probability and avoid unsuccessful body-strike attempts and submissions-which has the lowest potential performance probability over 10 years.

Hyperproteic supplementation attenuates muscle damage after simulated Olympic cross-country mountain biking competition: a randomized case-control study

Abstract Aim: We investigated the effect of high-protein (HI-PRO - 70% protein and 30% carbohydrate) and high-carbohydrate supplementation (HI-CHO - 70% carbohydrate and 30% protein) on muscle damage, haemoglobin, immune response, perceived pain and recovery post-simulated XCO. Methods: For this,10 amateur athletes (38±9.6 yrs.) were measured pre-, post- and 24-h post-trial. Results: In comparison to the pre-trial, the post-trial athletes presented leucocytosis (p≤0.001; 14.7±6.1 and 13.6±5.6 cells x103; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively) and neutropenia (p≤0.001; 11.9±5.2 and 10.7±4.9 cells x103; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively) but recovered at 24-h post-trial (Leukocytes: 6.9±1.4 and 7.1±1.4 cells x103; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively; neutrophils: 3.6±1.2 and 3.9±1.1 cells x103; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively) without a difference between conditions (p=0.808 and p=0.531; for leukocytes and neutrophils, respectively). A similar result was observed for perceived pain and recovery, where the condition did not interfere with these variables between the o measurement moments (p=0.245 and p=0.491; for pain and recovery respectively). There was an interaction effect for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), where HI-PRO presented a lower serum concentration 24-h post-trial compared to HI-CHO (p=0.039; 181.3±21.9 and 201.0±10.4 IU/L; for HI-PRO and HI-CHO, respectively). Conclusion: HI-PRO supplementation results in better muscle damage recovery but only for LDH. Athletes should evaluate the cost-benefit of choosing the nutrients to be consumed immediately post-training or competition.

Exploratory study on illegal pharmacologic agents in mixed martial arts performance / Estudo exploratório sobre agentes farmacológicos ilegais no desempenho em artes marciais mistas

Abstract Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport that requires maximum physical effort during competitions. In this context, some athletes can use illicit substances in order to improve their performance. By means of paired analysis, the present study compared the motor actions of athletes who had failed an anti-doping test versus their performance in combat against a winner or loser without doping presence. For this, 267 rounds (male and female) were analyzed in professional matches. The rounds were paired by athletes in the conditions: doping, winning and losing. Motor actions were analyzed through a specific and previously-validated protocol. Of the substances detected, anabolic androgenic steroids represented 55% (p?0.001). Doped athletes had lower pause time (83.4±68.3 vs. 131.7±95.2, p?0.001) and longer time at high-intensity (85.2±86.6 vs. 51.2±73.3, p=0.002) compared to the losing condition. Regarding the technical-tactical analysis in standing combat, winning presented a higher mean compared to doping in all variables except for Knockdowns (p=0.08), single body strikes landed (p=0.15), single leg strikes landed (p=0.25) and single strike attempts (p=0.4). In conclusion, athletes who tested positive presented higher performance in the physical variables (effort and pause time) in comparison to the losing condition; however, doping did not reflect in better technical-tactical performance.

Resumo O Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) é um esporte de combate que exige a máxima capacidade física durante as competições, neste contexto, alguns atletas podem administrar substâncias ilícitas, com fins de ampliar artificialmente sua performance. Por meio de análise pareada, o presente estudo comparou as ações motoras de lutadores flagrados no teste de doping frente ao desempenho em combates em que o mesmo saiu vencedor ou foi derrotado sem a presença de doping. Para tal, foram analisados 267 rounds em combates profissionais (masculino e feminino). Os rounds foram pareados por lutadores nas condições: doping, vencedor e perdedor. As ações motoras foram analisadas através de protocolo específico previamente validado. Das substâncias detectadas, os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos representaram (55%; p?0,001). Lutadores dopados apresentaram menor tempo de pausa (83,4±68,3 vs. 131,7±95,2; p?0,001) e maior tempo em alta intensidade (85,2±86,6 vs. 51,2±73,3; p=0,002) frente a condição Derrota. Quanto a análise técnico-tática em combate em pé, a condição Vitória apresentou maior média frente ao doping em todas as variáveis exceto Knockdowns (p=0,08), golpe simples acertado no corpo (p=0,15), e na perna (p=0,25) e tentativa de golpe simples (p=0,4). Em conclusão, lutadores que testaram positivo apresentaram maior desempenho nas variáveis físicas (tempo de esforço e tempo de pausa) frente a condição derrota; no entanto, a condição de doping não refletiu melhor desempenho técnico.

Motor actions and spatiotemporal changes by weight divisions of mixed martial arts: Applications for training.

This study compared motor actions and spatiotemporal changes between weight divisions from Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC™), conducting a practical application for mixed martial arts (MMA) training. For this, we analyzed 2814 rounds of all weight divisions by motor actions and spatiotemporal changes according actions and time of the Keeping distance, Clinch and Groundwork combat phases. We observed differences between weight divisions in the keeping distance on stand-up combat (p≤0.001; with lower time in Featherweight 131.4s and bantamweight 127.9s) clinch without attack (p≤0.001; with higher timer in Flyweight 11.4s and Half-middleweight 12.6s) and groundwork without attack (p≤0.001; with higher timer in Half-middleweight 0.9s). During keeping distance, half-middleweight presented a higher frequency of Head Strikes Landed (p=0.026; 7±8 times) and attempted (p=0.003; 24±22 times). In clinch actions heavyweight present a higher frequency (p≤0.023) of head strike landed (3±7 times) and attempted (4±9 times) and half-middleweight for body strikes (p≤0.023) landed (2±5 times) and attempted (3±5 times). At the last, during groundwork, Bantamweight present a higher frequency (p≤0.036) of head strikes landed (8±10 times) and attempted (10±13 times) body strikes landed (p≤0.044; 3±5 times) and attempted (3±6 times). This study reveals important point to training and provide a challenge applied referential to the conditioning plains. From the weight divisions differences should be aware of the increase in the frequency of distance actions, especially in light and middleweights. On the Ground, bantamweight can focus on striking and grappling actions than others.

The physiology of judo-specific training modalities.

Understanding the physiological response to the most common judo training modalities may help to improve the prescription and monitoring of training programs. This review is based on search results using the following terms: "judo," "judo and training," "judo and physiology," "judo and specific exercises," and "judo and combat practice." Uchi-komi (repetitive technical training) is a specific judo exercise that can be used to improve aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Effort to pause ratio, total session duration, number and duration of individual sets, and the type of technique can be manipulated to emphasize specific components of metabolism. "Nage-komi" (repetitive throwing training) can also be used to improve aerobic and anaerobic fitness, depending on the format of the training session. "Randori" (combat or fight practice; sparring) is the training modality most closely related to actual judo matches. Despite the similarities, the physiological demands of randori practice are not as high as observed during real competitive matches. Heart rate has not shown to be an accurate measure of training intensity during any of the previously mentioned judo training modalities. High-volume, high-intensity training programs often lead judo athletes to experience overtraining-related symptoms, with immunosuppression being one of the most common. In conclusion, judo training and judo-specific exercise should be manipulated to maximize training response and competitive performance.

Methods of body mass reduction by combat sport athletes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the methods adopted to reduce body mass (BM) in competitive athletes from the grappling (judo, jujitsu) and striking (karate and tae kwon do) combat sports in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An exploratory methodology was employed through descriptive research, using a standardized questionnaire with objective questions self-administered to 580 athletes (25.0 ± 3.7 yr, 74.5 ± 9.7 kg, and 16.4% ± 5.1% body fat). Regardless of the sport, 60% of the athletes reported using a method of rapid weight loss (RWL) through increased energy expenditure. Strikers tend to begin reducing BM during adolescence. Furthermore, 50% of the sample used saunas and plastic clothing, and only 26.1% received advice from a nutritionist. The authors conclude that a high percentage of athletes uses RWL methods. In addition, a high percentage of athletes uses unapproved or prohibited methods such as diuretics, saunas, and plastic clothing. The age at which combat sport athletes reduce BM for the first time is also worrying, especially among strikers.

Práticas de redução de massa corporal em judocas nos períodos pré-competitivos / Practices for reducing body mass of judokas in the pre-competitive season

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, em judocas, os procedimentos adotados para a redução da massa corporal em períodos próximos às competições e discuti-los frente à literatura. Participaram deste estudo 105 do sexo masculino pertencentes às classes júnior e sênior (idade média de 21,5 ± 8,0 anos). De acordo com os resultados, 73,6 por cento dos atletas desenvolveram estratégias de redução de massa corporal em períodos pré-competitivos, e os métodos mais utilizados por eles foram: aumento do número de atividades físicas além das habituais (76,1 por cento), restrição calórica (59,8 por cento), redução de carboidratos (32,6 por cento) e restrição de líquidos (20,7 por cento). Em valores absolutos, os judocas masculinos reduzem significativamente mais (p < 0,05) a massa corporal em relação às mulheres (4,5 ± 3,5 e 1,7 ± 0,8 kg, respectivamente). As mulheres iniciam com maior antecedência à competição (p < 0,05) a redução da massa corporal (14 ± 6 e 19 ± 7 dias, respectivamente). Pode-se inferir que a maioria dos judocas adota estratégias de redução aguda de massa corporal em períodos que antecedem as competições, o que pode resultar na queda do rendimento.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the procedures adopted for weight loss in periods close to competitions, and emphasize their physiologic effects. One hundred and twenty-five athletes (20 female and 105 male) belonging to the Juvenil, Junior and Senior categories (21.5 ± 8.0 years old) participated in this study. According to the results, 73.6 percent of the athletes used strategies of weight reduction methods during the pre-competitive periods. The methods used by the athletes were: increasing physical activity level (76.1 percent), caloric restriction (59.8 percent), restriction of carbohydrates (32.6 percent), and restriction of liquids (20.7 percent). In absolute values, male Judokas presented greater reductions in (p < 0.05) body mass compared to women (4.5 ± 3.5 and 1.7 ± 0.8 kg, respectively). Women started using pre-competition strategies (p < 0.05) to reduc body weight sooner than men (14 ± 6 and 19 ± 7 days, respectively). In conclusion, the most of judokas develop strategies for acute body mass reduction in pre-competitive periods, which may decrease their performance.

Influência da suplementação de carboidrato na função imune de judocas durante o treinamento / Influence of carbohydrate supplementation in the immune response of judoists during training

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da suplementação de carboidrato, durante uma sessão de treino, sobre a função imune de atletas de judô. Dezesseis judocas do sexo masculino foram submetidos a duas sessões de treinamento de 120 minutos cada, com três dias de intervalo entre elas. Na primeira sessão, oito judocas, separados de forma aleatória, foram suplementados (3mL/kg peso corporal) com solução carboidratada (grupo CHO) e os demais, com solução placebo (grupo PLA), de forma duplo-cega. Na segunda sessão os tratamentos foram invertidos. O número de leucócitos, linfócitos, monócitos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos, os níveis de cortisol e as concentrações de glicose e lactato foram medidos em repouso (Pré-E), imediatamente após (Pós-E) e uma hora após o término da sessão de treino (1h pós-E). Os resultados mostraram que a glicemia aumentou (p < 0,05) durante a sessão de treino no grupo CHO e reduziu-se (p < 0,05) no grupo PLA. O cortisol aumentou (p < 0,05) durante a sessão de treino, independente do tipo de solução consumida, bem como durante a recuperação no grupo PLA. O consumo de CHO resultou em menor (p < 0,05) leucocitose, quando comparado com o PLA, nos períodos Pós-E e 1h Pós-E. A elevação da concentração de lactato sangüíneo decorrente do exercício correlacionou-se positivamente com o aumento dos leucócitos (r = 0,86, p < 0,001) nos dois grupos. Concluiu-se que a ingestão de bebida carboidratada por atletas de judô durante uma sessão de treino resultou em menor perturbação da contagem total de leucócitos e suas subclasses: linfócitos, monócitos, eosinófilos e neutrófilos. Esses resultados sugerem proteção à saúde imunológica de judocas fomentada por essa estratégia nutricional.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carbohydrate supplementation on the immunological function of judoists during a training session. Sixteen male judo athletes were submitted to two 120 min training sessions within 3 days interval. In the first session eight athletes randomly chosen were supplemented (3mL/kg body weight) with a carbohydrate solution (CHO group) while the others ingested a placebo solution (PLA group) in a randomized and double blind way. In the second session, treatments were inverted. Leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil and neutrophil were counted and blood levels of cortisol, glucose and lactate were assessed at rest (Pre-E), immediately after the training session (Post-E) and one hour after the training session (1h Post-E). The results showed that the blood glucose levels increased during the training session when athletes were given CHO and decreased when they ingested PLA. Cortisol levels increased during the training session in both conditions and decreased 1h Post-E. Athletes consuming CHO presented a reduced number of leukocytes when compared to those ingesting PLA in both Post-E and 1h Post-E periods. The increase in blood lactate concentration in response to exercise training was positively correlated with the increase in the leukocyte number (r = 0. 86, p<0.001) in both conditions. It was concluded that CHO supplementation during a judo training session resulted in less disturbance of total leukocytes. It suggests that such nutritional strategy protected the athletes' immunological health.

Gordura corporal em judocas: validação cruzada da equação de Lohman / Body fat in judokas: cross-validation of lohmanãs equation

Esportes de combate são disputados por categorias de peso. Quanto maior a proporção de massa magra por quilogramas de massa corporal, maior a capacidade de expressão da força de um lutador. Assim, a estimativa do percentualde gordura (%G) torna-se fundamental para a determinação da categoria em que o lutador irá competir. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade concorrente da equação de Lohman7 (EL) para estimar o %G em lutadores. A amostra foi composta por 30 judocas masculinos, residentes no Distrito Federal - Brasil, com médias de idade= 25,1±4,5 anos,massa corporal= 81,8±12,5 kg e estatura= 176,3±7,1 cm. A pesagem hidrostática (PH) foi usada como padrão ouro paraa validação cruzada. Os critérios estatísticos usados foram os propostos por Lohman7 e a análise do escores residuais17.A correlação foi alta (r= 0,80) e signifi cativa (p≤0,0005). O erro constante e erro padrão de estimativa foram inferiores a 3,5%. O %GEL= 15,1±4,7 diferiu (p≤0,0005) do %GPH= 11,9±4,2. A EL superestimou de forma significativa o %G. Osescores residuais mostraram a falta de concondância do %GEL com o %FPH, chegando até 8,5%G. Sendo assim, a EL não apresentou validade concorrente para a amostra de judocas.

Combat sports are disputed in weight categories. The greater the proportion of lean mass per kilogram of bodymass, the greater a fi ghterãs capacity to exert force will be. Therefore, estimating percentage body fat (%F) is of fundamentalimportance for deciding in which category a fi ghter will compete. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify thecross-validity of Lohmanãs equation (LE) 7 for the estimation of %F in fi ghters. The sample comprised 30 male judokas,resident in the Distrito Federal, Brazil and with a mean age of 25.1±4.5 years, mean body mass of 81.8±12.5 kg and meanheight of 176.3±7.1 cm. Hydrostatic weighing (HW) was used as the gold standard for cross-validation. The statistical criteriaemployed were those proposed by Lohman7 with the addition of residual score analysis.17 Correlation was high (r= 0.80)and signifi cant (p≤0.0005). Both the constant error and the standard error of estimation were less than 3.5%. The %FLE(15.1±4.7) was signifi cantly different (p≤0.0005) from the %FHW (11.9±4.2). Lohmanãs equation signifi cantly overestimatedthe %F. The residual scores demonstrated a lack of agreement between %FLE and %FHW, of up to 8.5%F. This being so,Lohmanãs equation does not exhibit cross-validity for this sample of judokas.

Caracterização das práticas sobre hidratação em atletas da modalidade de judô no estado de Minas Gerais / Characterization of the practices about hydration in athletes of judo in the state of “Minas Gerais”

O judo representa uma modalidade onde a perda hídrica é considerável, especificamente durante os períodos de treinamento. Isto ainda é agravado pelo tipo de vestimenta utilizado, o que dificulta a termorregulação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as práticas e nível de conhecimento de hidratação em judocas que participaram de competições de maneira regular, durante o ano de 2001 no Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram entrevistados 220 atletas (19,7 + 6,6 anos) sendo 192 homens e 38 mulheres, pertencentes das categorias juvenil, júnior e sênior, com diversas graduações de faixas. A metodologia empregada foi do tipo exploratória, através de uma pesquisa descritiva,utilizando um questionário composto de 18 perguntas objetivas auto-administrativo. Os resultados mais destacados indicaram que os procedimentos de hidratação adotados pelos judocas não são considerados adequados. A solução hidratante mais consumida é a água. Os sintomas decorrentes de um consumo de líquidos inadequados mais presentes foram: a) sede intensa; b) perda de força; c) dificuldade de realização de um movimento facilmente executado em condições normais. Observou-se ainda que a maior parte dos atletas nunca tiveram algum tipo de orientação técnica sobre o assunto. Conclui-se que os atletas avaliados apresentam práticas inadequadas de hidratação e pouco conhecimento sobre o tema, o que contribuiu para que fatores ligados a fadiga como a desidratação e hipoglicemia ocorram freqüentemente. Recomendando-se assim a realização de campanhas de esclarecimento específicas.

The judo represents a modality where the water loss is considerable, specifically during the training periods. This is still worsened by the garment type used, what hinders the thermoregulation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the practices and level of hydration knowledge in judokas that participated in competitions in a regular way, during the year of 2001 in the State of Minas Gerais. 220 athletes were interviewed (19,7 ± 6,6 years) being 192 men and 38 women, belonging the categories, Juvenile, Junior and Senior. The used methodology was of the exploratory type, through a descriptive research, using a questionnaire composed of 18 objective questions answered by the players themselves. The most outstanding results indicated that the hydration procedures adopted by judokas are inadequate. The most consumed moisturized solution is water. The current symptoms of a consumption of inadequate liquids more presents were: a) intense thirst; b) loss of strength; c) difficulty of accomplishing movements easily executed in normal conditions. It was observed although most of the athletes never had some type of technical orientation on the theme. In conclusion the appraised athletes present inadequate practices of hydration and little knowledge on the theme, what contributed so that you factor linked the fatigue as the dehydration and hipoglicemia frequently happens. Being recommended like this the accomplishment of specific explanation campaigns.