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1.
Behav Brain Res ; 33(1): 23-32, 1989 May 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2544197

RESUMEN

The opiate antagonist naloxone hydrochloride was employed in order to determine whether endogenous opioids play a role in the control of affective defense behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus in the cat. The effects of naloxone upon quiet biting attack behavior elicited from the lateral hypothalamus were also assessed. A comparison of the differences in response latencies or thresholds before and after naloxone (i.p.) administration was made. Naloxone (1, 4 and 10 mg/kg) was found to significantly facilitate affective defense behavior in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The duration of facilitation ranged from 30 min after a 1 mg/kg injection to 180 min after a 10 mg/kg injection. The data also suggest that the effects of naloxone upon affective defense behavior are opposite to those seen with quiet biting attack. In two animals, quiet biting attack behavior was suppressed for 30 min following a 10 mg/kg injection of naloxone. Naloxone was also administered to cats in which hypothalamic stimulation elicited predatory responses coupled with components of affective defense behavior. In these cases, naloxone was ineffective in altering latencies for this 'mixed' response. These findings suggest that the opiate peptide system selectively inhibits affective defense behavior elicited from the medial hypothalamus of the cat.


Asunto(s)
Afecto/efectos de los fármacos , Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Nivel de Alerta/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Naloxona/farmacología , Receptores Opioides/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Agonística/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Gatos , Femenino , Área Hipotalámica Lateral/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo Medio/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Tiempo de Reacción/efectos de los fármacos , Umbral Sensorial/efectos de los fármacos
2.
Exp Neurol ; 104(1): 55-61, 1989 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2924870

RESUMEN

The effects of D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide (DAME) upon the hissing component of hypothalamically elicited affective defense behavior in the cat were examined in this study. Microinjections of DAME placed into the nucleus accumbens significantly suppressed this response in a dose and time dependent manner. This dose dependent suppression of affective defense decreased toward baseline levels at 60 and 90 min following delivery of 1 and 10 micrograms/0.5 microliters of DAME, respectively. Similar injections placed into the caudate nucleus had no effects upon this response. Neither vehicle control nor naloxone placed into nucleus accumbens was found to significantly alter latencies for hissing. Naloxone injected into nucleus accumbens prior to administration of either a 1-microgram or a 10-micrograms dose of DAME blocked the suppressive effects of DAME that were observed when this drug was administered alone. These findings suggest that opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens play an important role in the regulation of the hissing component of hypothalamically elicited affective defense behavior in the cat.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Encefalina Metionina/análogos & derivados , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Núcleo Accumbens/fisiología , Núcleos Septales/fisiología , Animales , Gatos , Núcleo Caudado/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Caudado/fisiología , Encefalina Metionina/administración & dosificación , Encefalina Metionina/farmacología , Femenino , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Microinyecciones , Naloxona/farmacología , Núcleo Accumbens/efectos de los fármacos , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Tiempo , Vocalización Animal
3.
Brain Res ; 366(1-2): 53-63, 1986 Feb 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3697696

RESUMEN

An experiment was performed in order to determine the effects of temporal lobe seizures upon hypothalamically elicited aggressive behavior in the cat. Seizures were induced by electrical stimulation of the pyriform cortex or those subnuclei of the amygdala which had previously been shown to modulate aggressive responses at subseizure current levels. The results clearly indicate that a significant modification of affective defense thresholds following seizures was a direct function of the locus of stimulation. Specifically, seizures generated from the pyriform cortex and medial aspects of the amygdala (sites associated with prior facilitation of affective defense as determined by subseizure electrical stimulation) were followed by a reduction in threshold for this response. In contrast, an elevation in affective defense thresholds occurred when seizures were generated from the central or lateral nuclei of the amygdala (sites associated with prior suppression of affective defense as determined by subseizure electrical stimulation). The primary pathway utilized in the facilitation of affective defense appears to involve the stria terminalis, its bed nucleus, and the anterior medial hypothalamus. Preliminary data suggest that seizures generated from the pyriform cortex or amygdala can also modify quiet biting attack behavior, but in a manner opposite to that demonstrated for affective defense.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/fisiología , Epilepsia del Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatología , Sistema Límbico/fisiopatología , Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiopatología , Animales , Autorradiografía , Mapeo Encefálico , Gatos , Estimulación Eléctrica , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/fisiopatología , Masculino , Vías Nerviosas/fisiopatología
4.
Behav Brain Res ; 17(3): 235-44, 1985 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4084394

RESUMEN

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and thalamic centrum medianum-parafascicular complex (CM-Pf) in the regulation of hypothalamically elicited flight behavior in the cat. The experimental paradigm involved a comparison of the differences in response latencies between single stimulation of the hypothalamus and concurrent stimulation of the hypothalamus and sites in the PAG or the CM-Pf. Dual stimulation of the ventral and dorsal aspects of the PAG resulted in differential modulation of flight behavior. Stimulation of the dorsal PAG suppressed hypothalamically elicited flight behavior while stimulation of the ventral aspects of the PAG facilitated flight behavior. Facilitation of flight behavior was also found from stimulation of ventral portions of the CM-Pf.


Asunto(s)
Reacción de Fuga/fisiología , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Sustancia Gris Periacueductal/fisiología , Tálamo/fisiología , Animales , Mapeo Encefálico , Gatos , Estimulación Eléctrica , Electrofisiología , Femenino , Masculino , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Tiempo de Reacción , Tegmento Mesencefálico/fisiología
5.
Brain Res ; 336(2): 308-12, 1985 Jun 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4039962

RESUMEN

Hypothalamic sites from which quiet biting attack and affective defense were elicited, were concurrently stimulated with others in the midbrain from which modulation of these behaviors was attempted. Stimulation of medial and lateral aspects of the tegmentum differentially modulated quiet biting attack and affective defense behavior. Facilitation of quiet attack and suppression of affective defense resulted from stimulation of the lateral tegmentum, while suppression of quiet attack and facilitation of affective defense followed stimulation of its medial aspect.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/fisiología , Tegmento Mesencefálico/fisiología , Animales , Terapia Conductista/métodos , Gatos , Mecanismos de Defensa/fisiología , Estimulación Eléctrica , Electrofisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Masculino
6.
Brain Res ; 310(2): 235-48, 1984 Sep 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6541520

RESUMEN

This experiment was performed in order to examine several of the underlying mechanisms by which the septal area and adjacent regions regulate quiet biting attack behavior elicited from electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in the cat. The results clearly indicate that stimulation of the septal area and anterior cingulate gyrus increased the latency for the occurrence of quiet biting attack behavior. Those sites within the septal area from which inhibition of attack can be produced are linked to sensory mechanisms associated with trigeminal reflexes activated during hypothalamic stimulation. Stimulation of these septal area sites decreased the lateral extent of the 'effective sensory fields' of the lipline established during hypothalamic stimulation, but did not appear to have any affect upon the latency of the hypothalamically elicited jaw-opening response. Deoxyglucose autoradiography revealed that the inhibition resulting from stimulation of the lateral septal area may be due to either the monosynaptic activation of the lateral hypothalamus or the disynaptic activation of this area utilizing a circuit involving the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/fisiología , Tabique Pelúcido/fisiología , Animales , Mapeo Encefálico , Gatos , Desoxiglucosa/metabolismo , Femenino , Giro del Cíngulo/fisiología , Humanos , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Sistema Límbico/fisiología , Masticación , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Nervio Trigémino/fisiología
7.
Brain Res ; 310(2): 279-93, 1984 Sep 24.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6488020

RESUMEN

The present study utilized the [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) cell labeling procedure to characterize a functional pathway from the prefrontal cortex (Pfc) and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) to the hypothalamus. Rats were injected with 2-DG prior to a 45 min experimental paradigm consisting of alternating 30 s on-off periods of electrical brain stimulation. Standard procedures were utilized for the removal and processing of brain tissue for X-ray autoradiography. In the first phase of this study, stimulation applied to the prefrontal cortex generally yielded a pattern of 2-DG distribution consistent with the findings of classical anatomical studies. Stimulation of the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex or the infralimbic cortex produced the most effective activation of the diencephalon. This activation was primarily limited to MD, with no involvement of any region of the hypothalamus. In the second phase of this study, brain regions activated following stimulation of sites along the rostro-caudal axis of MD were examined. Stimulation of MD resulted in the activation of the nucleus reuniens and other midline and non-specific thalamic nuclei. Stimulation of this nucleus also activated the ventromedial thalamic nucleus, medial aspects of the nucleus accumbens and the medial and sulcal prefrontal cortices. Again, in each of these cases, labeling within any region of the hypothalamus could not be detected. Since MD stimulation activated the midline thalamus, and the nucleus reuniens in particular, the last phase of this experiment involved stimulation of the nucleus reuniens in order to determine the source of medial thalamic inputs to the hypothalamus. Stimulation of the nucleus reuniens activated fibers which were distributed to both the medial and lateral hypothalamus. In addition, stimulation also activated the descending periventricular system, which could be followed to the level of the midbrain central gray and such limbic structures as the hippocampal formation, septal area, amygdala and prefrontal cortex. These findings indicate that Pfc-MD activation of the hypothalamus is achieved indirectly via interneurons within the nucleus reuniens.


Asunto(s)
Lóbulo Frontal/fisiología , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Núcleos Talámicos/fisiología , Animales , Mapeo Encefálico , Desoxiglucosa/metabolismo , Estimulación Eléctrica , Femenino , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Convulsiones/fisiopatología
8.
Exp Neurol ; 83(2): 436-42, 1984 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6537920

RESUMEN

Electrical stimulation of the midbrain tegmentum can produce differential modulation of quiet biting attack and affective defense behavior elicited from the hypothalamus of the cat. Stimulation of the lateral half of the tegmentum facilitated quiet biting attack and suppressed affective defense. Conversely, stimulation of the medial tegmentum suppressed quiet biting attack and facilitated affective defense. These results clearly indicate a topographic organization of modulatory sites controlling hypothalamic aggression within the midbrain tegmentum.


Asunto(s)
Agresión/fisiología , Tegmento Mesencefálico/fisiología , Afecto/fisiología , Animales , Gatos , Mecanismos de Defensa , Estimulación Eléctrica , Femenino , Humanos , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Masculino , Tiempo de Reacción
9.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) ; 74(1): 58-65, 1981.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6791206

RESUMEN

Pairs of bipolar electrodes were stereotaxically aimed at two of three sites: the locus coeruleus (LC), the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNC), and the median forebrain bundle (MFB). Rats were shaped to bar-press for trains of intracranial electrical stimulation presented as pairs of monophasic pulses. The first pulse of a pair (the C, conditioning pulse) was followed by a second pulse (the T, test pulse) after a parametrically varied interval. The effects of chronic morphine administration were tested in a paradigm of 7 days saline, 7 days morphine, 1 day morphine+naloxone, and 6 days post-drug saline. High doses of morphine (5 mg/kg) depressed response rates for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). LC placements and those just lateral or ventral to the LC showed large increases in ICSS rates under morphine (2.5 mg/kg). This area was delimited on either side by tips that showed response rate depressions under morphine. MFB placements yielded response rate facilitations under morphine. Sites medial to the MFB and ventral within the MFB showed rate depressions under morphine. Dorsal substantia nigra placements showed facilitated rates, whereas placements ventral within the SNC and substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNR) produced more variable results, with rates tending to be depressed by morphine. The ICSS procedure may be a useful animal model for detecting the abuse potential of drugs.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Morfina/farmacología , Autoestimulación/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Estimulación Eléctrica , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Locus Coeruleus/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Sustancia Negra/efectos de los fármacos
10.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev ; 4(1): 87-100, 1980.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6995874

RESUMEN

Extensive evidence has indicated that distinct neural systems specifically designed to inhibit sensitivity to painful stimuli exist. Recent advances suggest that the endorphins, enkephalins and the opiate receptor interact with a descending serotonergic bulbospinal system to mediate the analgesic responses to opiates and electrical stimulation. In assessing the evolutionary and behavioral significance of this pain-inhibitory system, several laboratories discovered that acute exposure to a wide variety of stressful events results in a transient analgesia. Chronic exposure to a number of these stressors results in adaptation of the analgesic response. The purpose of this review is to identify and characterize the mechanisms by which these stressors activate pain-inhibition. The relationship of stress-induced analgesia to each of the following is reviewed: (a) the role of endorphins, enkephalins and the opiate receptor; (b) the role of the descending serotonergic bulbospinal system; (c) the role of the pituitary gland; and (d) the role of hypothalamic mechanisms. Data will be discussed in terms of "opiate" and "non-opiate" pain-inhibitory mechanisms, in which some stressors act through the former and other stressors act through the latter.


Asunto(s)
Sistema Nervioso Central/fisiopatología , Hormonas/fisiología , Dolor/fisiopatología , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiopatología , Analgesia , Animales , Desoxiglucosa/farmacología , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Tolerancia a Medicamentos , Vías Eferentes/fisiopatología , Hipotálamo/fisiopatología , Mesencéfalo/fisiopatología , Morfina/farmacología , Naloxona , Hipófisis/fisiopatología , Núcleos del Rafe/fisiopatología , Ratas , Umbral Sensorial , Serotonina/fisiología , Médula Espinal/fisiopatología , Sustancia Gelatinosa/fisiopatología
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