Valores de referencia de calcio, vitamina D, fósforo, magnesio y flúor para la población venezolana / Reference values of calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride for the Venezuelan population.

Se consideraron en conjunto los siguientes micronutrientes por su función en la salud ósea: calcio, vitamina D, fósforo, magnesio y flúor. Calcio: no se tiene suficiente información para cambiar las recomendaciones actuales. En adolescentes y adultos, los escasos datos indican que el consumo a nivel de lo recomendado se relaciona con una masa ósea normal. En adultos mayores, los escasos datos reportan un bajo consumo y un alto índice de fracturas, pero no se tiene información si los valores actuales son adecuados. Vitamina D: los escasos datos reportan alta deficiencia en adultos mayores, la cual está relacionada con osteoporosis. Tomando en cuenta el aumento reciente en las recomendaciones de vitamina D en Norteamérica por su contribución a la salud ósea, se propone aumentar la recomendación poblacional a 400-600 UI/d en Venezuela. Fósforo, Magnesio y Flúor: la falta de datos locales no permite cambiar las últimas recomendaciones. Tal situación evidencia la falta de estudios locales para evaluar las recomendaciones actuales. Se necesitan estudios poblaciones del consumo de estos micronutrientes y evaluar su interacción y su relación con la salud ósea y en general. Se necesita conocer si el nivel de estos nutrientes en leche humana es adecuado para la población infantil. Es preciso implementar un sistema de vigilancia nutricional efectiva e implementar intervenciones que maximicen la salud ósea, incluyendo el diseño e implementación de una política lechera que conlleven al aumento en su producción y consumo por la población.

The following micronutrients were considered together for their role in bone health: calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride. Calcium: not enough is known to change current recommendations. In adolescents and adults, limited data suggest that consuming the recommended level is associated with normal bone mass. In older adults, the limited data reported low consumption and a high rate of fractures but there is no information on whether the current values are adequate. Vitamin D: the limited data reported high deficiency in older adults, which was related to osteoporosis. Given the recent increase in North American recommendation for their contribution to bone health, we proposed to increase the recommendation to 400-600 IU/d for Venezuela. Phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride: the lack of local data does not support changing the latest recommendations. Therefore, it highlights the lack of local studies to assess current recommendations. Studies are needed to estimate the intake of these micronutrients in the population and evaluate their interaction and their relation to bone and overall health. Information of the adequacy of these nutrients in human milk for infants is needed. Alto, it is necessary to implement an effective nutrition surveillance system and implement interventions that maximize bone health from an early stage, including the design and implementation of a dairy policy that leads to an increase in production and consumption by the population.

Long-lasting effects of prenatal dietary choline availability on object recognition memory ability in adult rats.

Choline is an essential nutrient required for early development. Previous studies have shown that prenatal choline availability influences adult memory abilities depending on the medial temporal lobe integrity. The relevance of prenatal choline availability on object recognition memory was assessed in adult Wistar rats. Three groups of pregnant Wistar rats were fed from E12 to E18 with choline-deficient (0 g/kg choline chloride), standard (1.1 g/kg choline chloride), or choline-supplemented (5 g/kg choline chloride) diets. The offspring was cross-fostered to rat dams fed a standard diet during pregnancy and tested at the age of 3 months in an object recognition memory task applying retention tests 24 and 48 hours after acquisition. Although no significant differences have been found in the performance of the three groups during the first retention test, the supplemented group exhibited improved memory compared with both the standard and the deficient group in the second retention test, 48 hours after acquisition. In addition, at the second retention test the deficient group did not differ from chance. Taken together, the results support the notion of a long-lasting beneficial effect of prenatal choline supplementation on object recognition memory which is evident when the rats reach adulthood. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance for improving the understanding of the cholinergic involvement in object recognition memory and the implications of the importance of maternal diet for lifelong cognitive abilities.

[Reference values of calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride for the Venezuelan population]. / Valores de referencia de calcio, vitamina D, fósforo, magnesio y flúor para la población venezolana.

The following micronutrients were considered together for their role in bone health: calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride. Calcium: not enough is known to change current recommendations. In adolescents and adults, limited data suggest that consuming the recommended level is associated with normal bone mass. In older adults, the limited data reported low consumption and a high rate of fractures but there is no information on whether the current values are adequate. Vitamin D: the limited data reported high deficiency in older adults, which was related to osteoporosis. Given the recent increase in North American recommendation for their contribution to bone health, we proposed to increase the recommendation to 400-600 IU/d for Venezuela. Phosphorus, magnesium and fluoride: the lack of local data does not support changing the latest recommendations. Therefore, it highlights the lack of local studies to assess current recommendations. Studies are needed to estimate the intake of these micronutrients in the population and evaluate their interaction and their relation to bone and overall health. Information of the adequacy of these nutrients in human milk for infants is needed. Alto, it is necessary to implement an effective nutrition surveillance system and implement interventions that maximize bone health from an early stage, including the design and implementation of a dairy policy that leads to an increase in production and consumption by the population.

Choline dietary supplementation improves LiCl-induced context aversion retention in adult rats.

Previous studies have demonstrated that choline is an essential nutrient during prenatal and early postnatal developmental periods. Thus, the availability of choline during these periods produces some beneficial effects on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in rats. However, research on the effect of adult choline supplementation on learning and memory abilities is scarce. In the present study, 3-4 month-old male Wistar rats receiving a 7-week choline-supplemented diet (4.5 fold that of a standard diet) and control rats receiving a standard diet were trained in a LiCl-induced contextual aversion task. Short and long-term context aversion retention was assessed by recording the consumption of a flavoured solution in the aversive and safe contexts over two subsequent tests. Statistical analysis showed that the supplemented group exhibited greater intake suppression in the aversive context than in the safe context when two retention tests were applied 3 and 15 days after conditioning. These results suggest that increasing dietary choline availability during adulthood may favour the retention of a context aversion.

Variaciones temporales en la composición y aporte de macronutrientes y minerales en leches maternas de mujeres venezolanas / The efffect of lactation time on the macronutrient and mineral composition of milk from venezuelan women

La leche materna es el alimento más adecuado para el recién nacido y sirve de marco de referencia para establecer sus requerimientos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el contenido energético de macronutrientes y minerales en muestras de calostro y leches maduras de 1,3 y 6 meses de lactancia y el porcentaje de adecuación de la leche madura en función de las recomendaciones dietéticas para niños menores de 1 año. Se analizaron 83 muestras de leche de 45 mujeres venezolanas. Los resultados mostraron que el calostro tuvo un porcentaje mayor de proteínas (3.00 g/100 mL), disminuyó al 1,17 g/100 mL para el primer mes de lactancia y se mantuvo constante hasta los seis meses de lactancia. En contraste la grasa fue baja en el calostro (2,45 g/100 mL) y aumentó en un 77 por ciento para el 1ro, 3ro y 6to. mes de lactancia. Ni la energía total (77 Kcal/100 mL) ni los carbohidratos (8 g/100 mL) variaron entre el calostro y las leches maduras analizadas. En relación al contenido de minerales, ni el Ca ni el Fe variaron durante el período estudiado. Los niveles de Zn disminuyeron a medida que progreso la lactancia, estabilizándose para el 6to. mes. El contenido de Cu aumentó para el 1er. mes y luego disminuyó a nivel semejantes a los del calostro, manteniéndose constante hasta el 6to. mes. Los niveles de P y Mg aumentaron en las leches maduras con respecto al calostro y luego se estabilizaron entre 3er. y 6to. mes de la lactancia. Cuando se calcularon los consumos diarios de nutrientes utilizado un volumen de leche de 8.50 mL y se compararon con los RDA (U.S), la leche materna proporcionaría suficientes calorías y cubriría buena parte de los requerimientos de proteínas; sin embargo, la leche materna sería inadecuada en Ca,P,Mg,Fe,Zn y Cu, cubrieron solamente el 11 por ciento de los requerimientos de Fe. Sin embargo, comparando con las recomendaciones de Canadá, se obtuvieron resultados similares en relación al porcentaje de adecuación de las calorías y proteínas, pero la leche materna aportaría cantidades apropiadas de Mg,Fe y Ca y proporcionaría el 82 y 74 por ciento del Zn y el P respectivamente