Emergency paediatric medicine consultation-a practical guide to a consultation with refugee and asylum-seeking children within the paediatric emergency department.

There are increasing numbers of refugee and asylum-seeking children entering the UK annually who face significant barriers to accessing healthcare services. Clinicians working in the emergency department should have an awareness of the journeys children may have taken and the barriers they face in accessing care and have a holistic approach to care provision. We conducted a narrative literature review and used experiential knowledge of paediatricians working in the Paediatric Emergency Department to formulate a step-by-step screening tool. We have formulated a step-by-step screening tool, CCHILDS (Communication, Communicable diseases, Health-physical and mental, Immunisation, Look after (safeguarding), Deficiencies, Sexual health) which can be used by healthcare professionals in the emergency department. CONCLUSION: Due to increasing numbers of refugee and asylum-seeking children, it is important that every point of contact with healthcare professionals is an impactful one on their health, well-being and development. Future work would include validation of our tool. WHAT IS KNOWN: •The number of refugees globally are rapidly increasing, leading to an increase in the number of presentations to the PED. These patients are often medically complex and may have unique and sometimes unexpected presentations that could be attributed to by their past. There are a multitude of resources available outlining guidance on the assessment and management of refugee children. WHAT IS NEW: •This review aims to succinctly summarise the guidance surrounding the assessment of refugee children presenting to the PED and ensure that healthcare professionals are aware of the pertinent information regarding this cohort. It introduces the CCHILDS assessment tool which has been formulated through a narrative review of the literature and acts as a mnemonic to aid professionals in their assessment of refugee children in the PED.

Pubic Symphysis Diastasis: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Separation of pubic symphysis during delivery is a rare complication resulting in considerable and prolonged morbidity for parturient women. The usual presentation is that of something giving way in the region of the symphysis pubis sometimes with an audible crack at the time of delivery. Unbearable pain on moving from side-to-side and on performing any weight-bearing activity (such as walking or climbing stairs) precludes ambulation in the immediate postpartum period. This could be accompanied by disruption of the sacroiliac joint, hemorrhage, or urine incontinence in severe cases. Radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging are the diagnostic modalities that aid confirmation of diagnosis. The magnitude of separation does not correlate well with the severity of symptoms. Treatment modalities range from conservative management (including analgesics, pelvic binders, transcutaneous nerve stimulation) and chiropractic management to orthopedic interventions such as external fixation or open reduction and internal fixation. Since postpartum pain is frequently dismissed as attributable to labor and childbirth, the diagnosis of pubic symphysis diastasis is often delayed and sometimes missed altogether. Since there is no consensus in the scientific literature on the definition, etiopathogenesis, and management of this rare complication, we attempted to review the literature on the subject and present a series of two cases.