Research Note: Study on the antibacterial activity of Chinese herbal medicine against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus of duck origin in laying hens.

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus were derived and identified from the ducks infected with fungi. In order to investigate the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicines against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus, in vitro antibacterial test and animal infection control test were conducted to study the antibacterial activity of the Chinese medicine mixture which was compatible with Acorus gramineus, Phellodendron chinensis, and Cassia obtusifolia. According to the results, the liver of chickens infected with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus displayed granulomatous lesions, indicating that the isolation of pathogen from the lungs of sick ducks is also pathogenic to chickens. As suggested by the results of in vitro drug sensitivity test, the mixture 1 MIC80 was the minimum, the MIC80 of Aspergillus flavus was 16 µg/µL, and the MIC80 of Aspergillus fumigatus was 4 µg/µL. In a petri dish of the same concentration, the colony diameter of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus in Mixture 1 was the minimum. Besides, Aspergillus flavus colonies grew when the concentration was 64 µg/µL, and Aspergillus fumigatus colonies grew when the concentration was 4 µg/µL, which suggests the more significant inhibitory effect of Mixture 1 on Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. According to the results of animal experiments, there was a significantly lower activity level of Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and Glutamate pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in the protection group and the treatment group than in the bacterial infection group. As indicated by the blood smear results, there were more neutrophils in the infected group than in the prevention group and the treatment group. Thus, it can be seen from that the Mixture 1 produced preventive and therapeutic effects on the chickens infected with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus.

Trends in Utilization of Statin Therapy and Contraindicated Statin Use in HIV--Infected Adults Treated With Antiretroviral Therapy From 2007 Through 2015.

Background HIV is associated with an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which may result in many people living with HIV taking a statin. Some statins are contraindicated with certain antiretroviral therapies ( ART ) and other medications commonly used by HIV -infected patients. Methods and Results We analyzed trends in the use of statins, including contraindicated statins, between 2007 and 2015 among HIV -infected patients aged ≥19 years taking ART who had employer-sponsored or Medicare supplemental health insurance in the Marketscan database (n=186 420). Statin use was identified using pharmacy claims. Contraindicated statin use was defined by a pharmacy claim for HIV protease inhibitors, cobicistat, hepatitis C protease inhibitors, anti-infectives, calcium channel blockers, amiodarone, gemfibrozil, or nefazodone followed by a fill for a contraindicated statin type and dosage within 90 days. The percentage of beneficiaries with HIV taking a statin remained unchanged between 2007 (24.6%) and 2015 (24.7%). Among those taking a statin, the percentage taking a contraindicated statin declined from 16.3% in 2007 to 9.0% in 2014 and then increased to 9.8% in 2015. The proportion of contraindicated statin fills attributable to HIV protease inhibitors declined from 63.9% in 2007 to 51.0% in 2015, while those attributable to cobicistat increased from 0% before 2012 to 20.6% in 2015. Conclusions Changes in ART regimens resulted in a decline in contraindicated statin use from 2007 to 2014, but this favorable trend was attenuated in 2015 because of increased use of cobicistat-containing ART regimens.

Dual-stimuli responsive and reversibly activatable theranostic nanoprobe for precision tumor-targeting and fluorescence-guided photothermal therapy.

The integrated functions of diagnostics and therapeutics make theranostics great potential for personalized medicine. Stimulus-responsive therapy allows spatial control of therapeutic effect only in the site of interest, and offers promising opportunities for imaging-guided precision therapy. However, the imaging strategies in previous stimulus-responsive therapies are 'always on' or irreversible 'turn on' modality, resulting in poor signal-to-noise ratios or even 'false positive' results. Here we show the design of dual-stimuli-responsive and reversibly activatable nanoprobe for precision tumour-targeting and fluorescence-guided photothermal therapy. We fabricate the nanoprobe from asymmetric cyanine and glycosyl-functionalized gold nanorods (AuNRs) with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-specific peptide as a linker to achieve MMPs/pH synergistic and pH reversible activation. The unique activation and glycosyl targetibility makes the nanoprobe bright only in tumour sites with negligible background, while AuNRs and asymmetric cyanine give synergistic photothermal effect. This work paves the way to designing efficient nanoprobes for precision theranostics.

Synthesis and evaluation of anthranilamide-based derivatives as FXa inhibitors.

Factor Xa (FXa) plays a significant role in the blood coagulation cascade and is a promising target for anticoagulation drugs. Three oral FXa inhibitors have been approved by FDA for treating thrombotic diseases. In this study, 43 novel compounds were synthesized anthranilamide-based FXa inhibitors aiming to ameliorate the toxicity of traditional FXa inhibitors in clinic. The data indicated that the compounds 6a, 6a-b, 6a-e, 6k, 6k-a and 6k-b showed remarkable FXa inhibitory activity and excellent selectivity over thrombin in vitro. Selected compounds also exhibited anticoagulant activities in vitro consequently and were potent novel anti-coagulators in further.

Post-deepwater horizon blowout seafood consumption patterns and community-specific levels of concern for selected chemicals among children in Mobile County, Alabama.

PURPOSE: The goal of the study was to characterize risk pertaining to seafood consumption patterns following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, among school children (K to 4th grade) residing in close proximity to the Gulf of Mexico in Mobile County, Alabama. METHODS: Responses on seafood consumption pattern including the type of seafood and intake rate during the pre and post oil spill periods, from parents of 55 school children from three schools located <20mile radius from the Gulf of Mexico shoreline (coastal group) were compared with those from parents of 55 children from three schools located ≥20miles away from the shoreline (inland group). We also estimated levels of concern (LOCs) in seafood for selected chemicals found in crude oil including heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), the primary compound in dispersants. RESULTS: The coastal group ate more seafood consisting primarily of crustaceans (62% vs. 42%, p=0.04) and fin fish (78% vs. 58%, p=0.02) from the Gulf of Mexico compared to the inland group, while the inland group ate more fin fish not found in the Gulf of Mexico (62% vs. 33%, p<0.01). In the post-oil spill time period, both groups substantially reduced their consumption of sea food. On average, the coastal group ate ≥2 seafood meals per week, while the inland group ate ≤1 meal per week; these frequency patterns persisted in the post oil-spill period. Comparison of the estimated LOCs with contaminant levels detected in the seafood tested by the Food and Drug Administration and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, post-oil spill, found that the levels of PAHs, arsenic, and DOSS in seafood were 1-2 orders of magnitude below the LOCs calculated in our study. Levels of methyl mercury (MeHg) in the seafood tested pre- and post- oil spill were higher than the estimated LOCs suggesting presence of higher levels of MeHg in seafood independent of the oil spill. CONCLUSION: In sum, the study found higher than average seafood consumption among children along the Mobile coastal area when compared to the inland children and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) estimates. Risk characterization based on the LOCs indicated no increase in risk of exposure despite higher seafood consumption rates among the study population compared to the general population.