Understanding the promotion of heat treatment on the flavor of Lentinula edodes using metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics.

The transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed the differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and genes (DEGs) in the dried Lentinula edodes' response to heat treatment. Most DEMs between the L.edodes sample groups were lipids and lipid-like molecules, nucleosides, nucleotides, analogs, and organic acids and derivatives. DEMs enrich the pathway of the TCA cycle, alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The proportion of DEGs annotation in the metabolism pathway and the number of DEGs increased within the drying process of 2 h. The DEGs were annotated in the signal transduction and amino acid metabolism pathways during the drying process of 2 h âˆ¼ 3 h. Five DEGs including LE01Gene04306, LE01Gene06275, LE01Gene11513, LE01Gene13848 and LE01Gene13853 existed in all comparative groups. Twenty-nine DEMs marker can be used for monitoring the quality of L.edodes during drying. The metabolic pathways, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis were the landmark pathways that monitor DEMs and DEGs, and gamma-linolenic acid was a signal DEM marker. It provides new insights for understanding the flavor formation of L.edodes during the hot-air drying process.

Chitosan/Al2O3-HA nanocomposite beads for efficient removal of estradiol and chrysoidin from aqueous solution.

Alumina, as a support material, was loaded together with chitosan and hydroxyapatite to form chitosan/Al2O3-HA composite beads and was used for estradiol and chrysoidin removal from aqueous solution in the present work. The physicochemical properties of the beads were studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. FTIR spectra confirmed that the chitosan was loaded successfully on Al2O3-HA, and functional groups were immobilized onto the surface of the beads after the synthesis. The adsorption condition including pH, the amount of adsorbent, initial concentration and time were evaluated during the batch experiments. Isotherm data best matched the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 39.78 mg/g and 23.26 mg/g for estradiol and chrysoidine, respectively. The adsorbed estradiol and chrysoidin were completely eluted from the composite beads with the eluent of 0.1 M H2SO4/MeOH and the regenerated material was used in several cycles without deterioration in its initial performances. This study suggests that the developed composite beads have high potential for the efficient removal estradiol and chrysoidin from aqueous solution.