RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elephantopus scaber L. (Asteraceae) is a traditional herbal medicine with anti-cancer effects. We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a major sesquiterpene lactone constituent of E. scaber, deoxyelephantopin (DET), against mammary adenocarcinoma and the underlying molecular mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: A variety of cellular assays, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, as well as both orthotopic and metastatic TS/A tumour models in BALB/c mice, were used. Test mice were pretreated and post-treated with DET or paclitaxel and mammary tumour growth evaluated. KEY RESULTS: DET (< or =2 microg x mL(-1)) significantly inhibited colony formation, cell proliferation, migration and invasion of TS/A cells and induced G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis in TS/A cells. c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression and caspase activation cascades were up-regulated by DET, effects suppressed by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Moreover, tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 enzyme activity and expression and nuclear factor-kappa B activation were abolished by DET. Pretreatment with DET was more effective than paclitaxel, for profound suppression of orthotopic tumour growth (99% vs. 68% reduction in tumour size) and lung metastasis of TS/A cells (82% vs. 63% reduction in metastatic pulmonary foci) and prolonged median survival time (56 vs. 37 days, P < 0.01) in mice. The levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic lung tissues of TS/A-bearing mice were attenuated by DET. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our data provide evidence for the suppression of mammary adenocarcinoma by DET with several mechanisms and suggest that DET has potential as a chemopreventive agent for breast cancer.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Anticarcinógenos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Lactonas/farmacología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/prevención & control , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Adenocarcinoma/irrigación sanguínea , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/secundario , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de la Mama/irrigación sanguínea , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Caspasas/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidor p21 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Humanos , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundario , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Invasividad Neoplásica , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Carga Tumoral , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
We identified eight diterpenes from Cryptomeria japonica (Taxodiaceae), which inhibit the activity of the androgen receptor (AR) in human prostate cancer (PCa) 22Rv1-derived 103E cells. The compounds 6,12-dihydroxyabieta-5,8,11,13-tetraen-7-one ( 2), sugiol ( 3), ferruginol ( 4), and 5-epixanthoperol ( 7) have near 100 % AR inhibition efficacy at concentrations of 10, 5, 25, and 25 microM, respectively. Because these compounds have very similar structures, analysis of their differential activity may aid in the design of inhibitors for PCa treatment.