RESUMEN
STUDY DESIGN: Prospective single centre study. OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary rehabilitation focuses on improving the expiratory muscle function in order to increase the reduced cough capacity in patients with cervical spinal cord injuries (SCI). However, an improvement in the inspiratory function is also important for coughing effectively. Therefore, this study was to examine the significance of the inspiratory muscle strength on the cough capacity in the patients with a cervical SCI. SETTING: SCI unit, Yonsei Rehabilitation Hospital, Seoul, Korea. METHODS: The vital capacity (VC), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured. Moreover, the unassisted peak cough flow (PCF) and assisted PCF under three conditions were evaluated. RESULTS: All three assisted cough methods showed a significantly higher value than the unassisted method (P < 0.001). The VC correlated with the voluntary cough capacity and the MIP (R = 0.749) correlated more significantly with the VC than the MEP (R = 0.438) (P < 0.01). The MIP showed a higher correlation with both the unassisted PCF and all three assisted PCFs than the MEP (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The management of the inspiratory muscle strength should be considered in the pulmonary rehabilitation at cervical SCI patients.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicios Respiratorios , Debilidad Muscular/prevención & control , Debilidad Muscular/rehabilitación , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/prevención & control , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/rehabilitación , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/complicaciones , Adulto , Bronquios/inervación , Bronquios/fisiopatología , Vértebras Cervicales/lesiones , Femenino , Humanos , Inhalación/fisiología , Capacidad Inspiratoria/fisiología , Masculino , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Debilidad Muscular/etiología , Vías Nerviosas/lesiones , Vías Nerviosas/fisiopatología , Neumonía/etnología , Neumonía/etiología , Neumonía/prevención & control , Estudios Prospectivos , Reflejo/fisiología , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/etiología , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/prevención & control , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/rehabilitación , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/etiología , Músculos Respiratorios/inervación , Músculos Respiratorios/fisiopatología , Parálisis Respiratoria/etiología , Parálisis Respiratoria/prevención & control , Parálisis Respiratoria/rehabilitación , Médula Espinal/fisiopatología , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Ginseng total saponin (GTS) inhibited methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference (CPP). Dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity was developed in methamphetamine-induced CPP mice and it was inhibited by GTS. GTS also inhibited apomorphine-induced climbing behavior, showing the antidopaminergic activity of GTS. These results suggest that GTS inhibition of the methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and CPP may be closely related with the inhibition of dopaminergic activation induced by methamphetamine.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/antagonistas & inhibidores , Metanfetamina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Panax , Plantas Medicinales , Saponinas/farmacología , Animales , Apomorfina/farmacología , Agonistas de Dopamina/farmacología , Fenómenos de Retorno al Lugar Habitual , Masculino , Ratones , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Repeated administration of methamphetamine (2 mg/kg) developed reverse tolerance to the ambulation-accelerating effect. Intraperitoneal administration of ginseng total saponin (GTS, 200 mg/kg of body weight) prior to and during chronic administration of methamphetamine inhibited the development of reverse tolerance. Dopamine receptor supersensitivity was also developed in reverse tolerant mice which had received the same methamphetamine. The development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity was evidenced by the enhanced hypothermic response to apomorphine (1 mg/kg) and the enhanced ambulatory activity of apomorphine (4 mg/kg). GTS also prevented the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by the chronic administration of methamphetamine. These results show that GTS may be useful for the prevention of and therapy for the adverse action of methamphetamine. It is concluded that the development of reverse tolerance to methamphetamine may be associated with the enhanced dopamine receptor supersensitivity since both phenomena were blocked by GTS.