RESUMEN
Panax ginseng Meyer and Inula japonica Thunb. are well established in traditional medicine and are known for their therapeutic properties in managing a range of ailments such as diabetes, asthma, and cancer. Although P. ginseng and I. japonica can alleviate pulmonary fibrosis (PF), the anti-fibrosis effect on PF by the combination of two herbal medicines remains unexplored. Therefore, this study explores this combined effect. In conditions that were not cytotoxic, MRC-5 cells underwent treatment using the formula combining P. ginseng and I. japonica (ISE081), followed by stimulation with transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1, to explore the fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT). After harvesting the cells, mRNA levels and protein expressions associated with inflammation and FMT-related markers were determined to evaluate the antiinflammation activities and antifibrosis effect of ISE081. Additionally, the anti-migratory effects of ISE081 were validated through a wound-healing assay. ISE081 remarkably reduced the mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and TGF-ß1 in MRC-5 cells and suppressed the α-SMA and fibronectin expressions, respectively. Furthermore, ISE081 inhibited Smad2/3 phosphorylation and wound migration of MRC-5 cells. Under the same conditions, comparing those of ISE081, P. ginseng did not affect the expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, and Smad2/3 phosphorylation, whereas I. japonica significantly inhibited them but with cytotoxicity. The results indicate that the synergistic application of P. ginseng and I. japonica enhances the anti-fibrotic properties in pulmonary fibroblasts and concurrently diminishes toxicity. Therefore, ISE081 has the potential as a prevention and treatment herbal medicine for PF.
Asunto(s)
Inula , Panax , Fibrosis Pulmonar , Humanos , Inula/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/genética , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Panax/metabolismo , Fibrosis , Fibrosis Pulmonar/metabolismo , Fibroblastos , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
Isatidis folium or Isatis tinctoria L. is a flowering plant of the Brassicaceae family, commonly known as woad, with an ancient and well-documented history as an indigo dye and medicinal plant. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effects of Isatidis folium water extract (WIF) using a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like mouse model and to investigate the underlying mechanism using tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-activated HaCaT cells. Oral administration of WIF reduced spleen weight, decreased serum IgE and TNF-α levels, reduced epidermal and dermal thickness, and inhibited eosinophil and mast cell recruitment to the dermis compared to DNCB-induced control groups. Furthermore, oral WIF administration suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase protein expression levels, p65 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-13 in skin lesion tissues. In HaCaT cells, WIF suppressed the production of regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), MCP-1, and MIP-3a, which are inflammatory cytokines and chemokines related to AD, and inhibited the mRNA expression of RANTES, TARC, and MDC in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. Overall, the results revealed that WIF ameliorated AD-like skin inflammation by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production via nuclear factor-κB pathway inhibition, suggesting WIF as a potential candidate for AD treatment.
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Dermatitis Atópica , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Animales , Ratones , Humanos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Dinitroclorobenceno/efectos adversos , Dinitroclorobenceno/metabolismo , Queratinocitos , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Agua/metabolismo , Células HaCaT , Dermatitis Atópica/inducido químicamente , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Dermatitis Atópica/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genéticaRESUMEN
We determined the effects of two extracts from Acer palmatum Thumb. leaves (hot water extract KIOM-2015EW and 25% ethanol extract KIOM-2015EE) in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced dry eye mouse model. Dry eye was induced by 0.2% BAC for 2 weeks, followed by treatment three times (eye drop) or once (oral administration) daily with KIOM-2015E for 2 weeks. Treatment with both KIOM-2015EE and KIOM-2015EW resulted in a marked increase in tear volume production for the 4 days of treatment. The Lissamine Green staining score, TUNEL-positive cells, and inflammatory index were significantly decreased after 2 weeks. Topical KIOM-2015EE administration exhibited a greater improvement in decreasing the ocular surface staining scores, inflammation, dead cells, and increasing tear production in a dose-dependent manner compared with the other groups. Furthermore, KIOM-2015E significantly reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB, which was activated in the BAC-treated cornea. Topical administration was much more effective than oral administration for KIOM-2015E and KIOM-2015EE was more effective than KIOM-2015EW. Application of KIOM-2015E resulted in clinical improvement, inhibited the inflammatory response, and alleviated signs of dry eye. These results indicate that KIOM-2015E has potential as a therapeutic agent for the clinical treatment of dry eye.
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Acer , Síndromes de Ojo Seco , Ratones , Animales , Compuestos de Benzalconio , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/inducido químicamente , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , LágrimasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Isatis tinctoria L (PLG) is a medicinal herb from the roots of Isatis indigotica Fort (Family Cruciferae). Previous studies have shown that PLG has anti-inflammatory and therapeutic effects against conditions such as acute and chronic hepatitis, various respiratory inflammations, and cancer. The purpose of this study was to define the pharmacological effects of PLG on inflammatory reactions and skin hyperkeratosis, which are the main symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD), in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: For the AD in vivo experiment, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induction and oral administration of PLG were performed on male BALB/c mice for four weeks. For in vitro experiments, keratinocytes were activated using TNF-α/IFN-γ in cultured human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. PLG inhibited inflammatory chemokine production and blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in activated keratinocytes. RESULTS: As a result of oral administration of PLG, dermis and epidermis thickening, as well as eosinophil and mast cell infiltration, were attenuated in AD skin lesions. In addition, the levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway were decreased in serum and dorsal skin tissues. Furthermore, PLG inhibited inflammatory chemokine production and blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in activated keratinocytes. In addition, epigoitrin and adenosine, the standard compounds of PLG, were identified as candidate AD compounds. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that PLG is a potent therapeutic agent for attenuating symptoms of AD.
RESUMEN
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with a type 2 T helper cell (Th2) immune response. The IndigoPulverata Levis extract (CHD) is used in traditional Southeast Asian medicine; however, its beneficial effects on AD remain uninvestigated. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effects of CHD in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced BALB/c mice and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- and interferon gamma (IFN)-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. We evaluated immune cell infiltration, skin thickness, and the serum IgE and TNF-α levels in DNCB-induced AD mice. Moreover, we measured the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the mice dorsal skin. We also studied the effect of CHD on the translocation of NF-κB p65 and inflammatory chemokines in HaCaT cells. Our in vivo results revealed that CHD reduced the dermis and epidermis thicknesses and inhibited immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, it suppressed the proinflammatory cytokine expression and MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylations in the skin tissue and decreased serum IgE and TNF-α levels. In vitro results indicated that CHD downregulated inflammatory chemokines and blocked NF-κB p65 translocation. Thus, we deduced that CHD is a potential drug candidate for AD treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Dermatitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Polygonaceae/química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Biomarcadores , Biopsia , Línea Celular Tumoral , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dermatitis/etiología , Dermatitis/patología , Dermatitis Atópica/etiología , Dermatitis Atópica/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Inmunohistoquímica , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Ratones , Extractos Vegetales/química , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/patologíaRESUMEN
Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN) is a popular plant in Korean and Chinese medicine for treating a variety of ailments. The aqueous extract of EKN has a significant inhibitory impact on influenza A virus (IAV) infection by directly blocking viral attachment and having a virucidal effect, according to this study. Using fluorescent microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Influenza A/PR/8/34 virus, we examined the effect of EKN on viral infection. By viral infection, EKN strongly suppresses GFP expression, and at a dosage of 100 µg/mL, EKN decreased GFP expression by up to 90% of the untreated infected control. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses against influenza viral proteins revealed that EKN decreased influenza viral protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. EKN inhibited the H1N1 influenza virus's hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), preventing viral attachment to cells. Furthermore, EKN had a virucidal impact and inhibited the cytopathic effects of H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B virus infection. Finally, our findings show that EKN has the potential to be developed as a natural viral inhibitor against influenza virus infection.
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Alphainfluenzavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Antivirales/farmacología , Epimedium , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Hemaglutininas/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ratones , Neuraminidasa/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Virales/efectos de los fármacos , Acoplamiento Viral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue and constitutes about 40% of total body mass. Herein, we report that crude water extract (CWE) of G. uralensis enhanced myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Pretreatment of mice with the CWE of G. uralensis prior to cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury was found to enhance muscle regeneration by inducing myogenic gene expression and downregulating myostatin expression. Furthermore, this extract reduced nitrotyrosine protein levels and atrophy-related gene expression. Of the five different fractions of the CWE of G. uralensis obtained, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction more significantly enhanced myoblast proliferation and differentiation than the other fractions. Ten bioactive compounds were isolated from the EtOAc fraction and characterized by GC-MS and NMR. Of these compounds (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, liquiritigenin, (R)-(-)-vestitol, isoliquiritigenin, medicarpin, tetrahydroxymethoxychalcone, licochalcone B, liquiritin, liquiritinapioside, and ononin), liquiritigenin, tetrahydroxymethoxychalcone, and licochalcone B were found to enhance myoblast proliferation and differentiation, and myofiber diameters in injured muscles were wider with the liquiritigenin than the non-treated one. Computational analysis showed these compounds are non-toxic and possess good drug-likeness properties. These findings suggest that G. uralensis-extracted components might be useful therapeutic agents for the management of muscle-associated diseases.
Asunto(s)
Glycyrrhiza uralensis/química , Atrofia Muscular/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/química , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular , Chalconas/química , Chalconas/farmacología , Chalconas/uso terapéutico , Flavanonas/química , Flavanonas/farmacología , Flavanonas/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mioblastos/citología , Mioblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Mioblastos/metabolismo , Miostatina/genética , Miostatina/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Purpose: The present study aimed to determine whether the administration of Acer palmatum thumb. leaf extract (KIOM-2015E) protects against the degeneration of rat retinal ganglion cells after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced by midbrain cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min of MCAO, which produces transient ischemia in both the retina and brain due to the use of an intraluminal filament that blocks the ophthalmic and middle cerebral arteries. This was followed by reperfusion under anesthesia with isoflurane. The day after surgery, the eyes were treated three times (eye drop) or one time (oral administration) daily with KIOM-2015E for five days. Retinal histology was assessed in flat mounts and vertical sections to determine the effect of KIOM-2015E on I/R injury. Results: A significant loss of brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A (Brn3a) and neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Tuj-1) fluorescence and a marked increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) expression were observed after five days in the PBS-treated MCAO group compared to the sham-operated control group. However, KIOM-2015E treatment reduced (1) MCAO-induced upregulation of GFAP and GS, (2) retinal ganglion cell loss, (3) nerve fiber degeneration, and (4) the number of TUNEL-positive cells. KIOM-2015E application also increased staining for parvalbumin (a marker of horizontal cell associated calcium-binding protein and amacrine cells) and recoverin (a marker of photoreceptor expression) in rats subjected to MCAO-induced retinal damage. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that KIOM-2015E treatment exerted protective effects against retinal damage following MCAO injury and that this extract may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and age-related macular disease.
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Acer/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Daño por Reperfusión/metabolismo , Degeneración Retiniana/prevención & control , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/efectos de los fármacos , Acer/química , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Regulación hacia Abajo , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía/metabolismo , Glutamato-Amoníaco Ligasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Fibras Nerviosas/patología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Daño por Reperfusión/complicaciones , Daño por Reperfusión/mortalidad , Degeneración Retiniana/complicaciones , Degeneración Retiniana/metabolismo , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/citología , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/patología , Factor de Transcripción Brn-3B/metabolismo , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismo , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
Hoveniae semen seu fructus (HSF, fruit and seed of Hovenia dulcis Thunb) is an important traditional herbal medicine and food supplement in East Asia for the treatment of liver diseases, alcohol poisoning, obesity, allergy, and cancer. HSF has also been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity, but the cellular mechanism of action is not fully understood. We assessed the anti-inflammatory properties of an HSF ethanol (HSFE) extract and explored its precise mechanism. The ability of HSFE to suppress inflammatory responses was investigated in a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, and mouse primary macrophages. Secretions of NO, proinflammatory cytokines, inflammatory factors, and related proteins were measured using the Griess assay, ELISA, Western blot analysis, and real-time PCR, respectively. In addition, the main components of HSFE were analyzed by HPLC, and their anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed. Our results showed that pretreatment of HSFE markedly reduced the expression of NO and iNOS without causing cytotoxicity and significantly attenuated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß. In addition, HSFE strongly suppressed phosphorylation of MAPK and decreased the activation of AP-1, JAK2/STAT, and NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, HSFE strongly suppressed the inflammatory cytokine levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Also, as a result of HPLC analysis, three main components, ampelopsin, taxifolin, and myricetin, were identified in the HSFE extract, and each compound effectively inhibited the secretion of inflammatory mediators induced by LPS. These findings show that HSFE exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the activation of MAPK, AP-1, JAK2/STAT, and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In addition, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of HSFE appears to be closely related to the action of the three main components. Therefore, HSFE appears to be a promising candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Etanol/química , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Animales , Citocinas/sangre , Lipopolisacáridos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Factor de Transcripción AP-1/sangreRESUMEN
Aloe vera ethanol extract (AVE) reportedly has significant anti-influenza virus activity, but its underlying mechanisms of action and constituents have not yet been completely elucidated. Previously, we have confirmed that AVE treatment significantly reduces the viral replication of green fluorescent protein-labeled influenza A virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In addition, post-treatment with AVE inhibited viral matrix protein 1 (M1), matrix protein 2 (M2), and hemagglutinin (HA) mRNA synthesis and viral protein (M1, M2, and HA) expressions. In this study, we demonstrated that AVE inhibited autophagy induced by influenza A virus in MDCK cells and also identified quercetin, catechin hydrate, and kaempferol as the active antiviral components of AVE. We also found that post-treatment with quercetin, catechin hydrate, and kaempferol markedly inhibited M2 viral mRNA synthesis and M2 protein expression. A docking simulation suggested that the binding affinity of quercetin, catechin hydrate, and kaempferol for the M2 protein may be higher than that of known M2 protein inhibitors. Thus, the inhibition of autophagy induced by influenza virus may explain the antiviral activity of AVE against H1N1 or H3N2. Aloe vera extract and its constituents may, therefore, be potentially useful for the development of anti-influenza agents.
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Aloe/química , Antivirales , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Replicación Viral/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Perros , Hemaglutininas Virales/genética , Hemaglutininas Virales/metabolismo , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A , Virus de la Influenza A/metabolismo , Riñón/citología , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Quercetina/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Viral/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Matriz Viral/metabolismoRESUMEN
The herbs Plantago asiatica and Clerodendrum trichotomum have been commonly used for centuries in indigenous and folk medicine in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In this study, we show that extracts from these herbs have antiviral effects against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro cell cultures and an in vivo mouse model. Treatment of HEp2 cells and A549 cells with a non-cytotoxic concentration of Plantago asiatica or Clerodendrum trichotomum extract significantly reduced RSV replication, RSV-induced cell death, RSV gene transcription, RSV protein synthesis, and also blocked syncytia formation. Interestingly, oral inoculation with each herb extract significantly improved viral clearance in the lungs of BALB/c mice. Based on reported information and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the phenolic glycoside acteoside was identified as an active chemical component of both herb extracts. An effective dose of acteoside exhibited similar antiviral effects as each herb extract against RSV in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that extracts of Plantago asiatica and Clerodendrum trichotomum could provide a potent natural source of an antiviral drug candidate against RSV infection.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , Clerodendrum/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Plantago/química , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Glucósidos , Células HeLa , Humanos , Pulmón/virología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The anti-inflammatory actions of Polygonum cuspidatum, Angelica gigas, Sophora flavescens and Arctium fruit are well known. Nonetheless, effects of herbal combination (PASA) or its fermentation by microorganisms (F-PASA) on the allergic response remain unknown. PURPOSE: We investigated whether PASA or F-PASA could inhibit IgE/antigen complex (IgE/Ag)-mediated allergic responses. METHODS: To evaluate and compare anti-allergic actions of PASA and F-PASA, we performed cell viability, ß-hexosaminidase activity, ELISA assays for cytokines and eicosanoids, immunoblot analysis, HPLC analysis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) models. RESULTS: F-PASA had stronger anti-degranulation actions (IC50, 510.9⯠µg/ml) than PASA (IC50, 1,261⯠µg/ml) without cytotoxicity until 2000 ⯵g/ml in IgE/Ag-activated RBL-2H3 cells. Additionally, F-PASA inhibited formation of tumor necrosis factor-α (IC50, 147.4⯠µg/ml), interleukin-4 (IC50, 213.4 ⯵g/ml), prostaglandin D2 (IC50, 42.40 ⯵g/ml) and leukotriene C4 (IC50, 157.9 ⯵g/ml). Moreover, F-PASA dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation and expression of proteins that are related to the FcεRI and arachidonate cascades. Consistent with in vitro studies, F-PASA from 25 to 100⯠mg/kg also suppressed IgE/Ag-induced PCA reaction more than PASA did in mice. In phytochemical analysis, using PASA and F-PASA, F-PASA showed a higher level of emodin-8-O-ß-d-glucoside, whereas the level of arctiin, an artigenin glycoside, was reduced compared with that using PASA. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that F-PASA, including both artigenin and emodin-8-O-ß-d-glucoside, possesses stronger anti-allergic properties. Therefore, F-PASA may be useful as a functional food or as a phytomedicine for allergic diseases.
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Antialérgicos/farmacología , Antialérgicos/uso terapéutico , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Hipersensibilidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Anafilaxis Cutánea Pasiva/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Angelica/química , Animales , Arctium/química , Fallopia japonica/química , Fermentación , Masculino , Ratones , Sophora/químicaRESUMEN
Artemisia apiacea Hance is a traditional herbal medicine used for treating eczema and jaundice in Eastern Asia including China, Korea, and Japan. However, the biological and pharmacological actions of Artemisia apiacea Hance in atopic dermatitis (AD) are not fully understood. An ethanolic extract of Artemisia apiacea Hance (EAH) was tested in vitro and in vivo to investigate its anti-inflammatory activity and anti-atopic dermatitis effects. The results showed that EAH dose-dependence inhibited production of regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC). EAH inhibited the activation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and STAT-1 and suppressed the degradation of inhibited both nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-alpha (IκB-α) in TNF-α/IFN-γâ»stimulated HaCaT cells. EAH also suppressed the translocation of inflammation transcription factors such as NF-κB p65 in TNF-α/IFN-γâ»stimulated HaCaT cells. In addition, EAH reduced 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced ear thickness and dorsal skin thickness in a dose-dependent manner. EAH appeared to regulate chemokine formation by inhibiting activation of and ERK as well as the NK-κB pathways. Furthermore, EAH significantly improved the skin p38 conditions in a DNCB-induced AD-like mouse model.
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Artemisia/química , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Interferón gamma/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Queratinocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismo , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (G. sinensis) has been used in Oriental medicine for tumor, thrombosis, inflammation-related disease, and obesity. AIM OF THE STUDY: The pharmacological inhibitory effects of fruits of G. sinensis (GFE) on hyperlipidemia have been reported, but its inhibitory effects on adipogenesis and underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Herein we evaluated the anti-adipogenic effects of GFE and described the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of ethanol extracts of GFE on adipocyte differentiation were examined in 3T3-L1 cells using biochemical and molecular analyses. RESULTS: During the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, GFE significantly reduced lipid accumulation and downregulated master adipogenic transcription factors, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, at mRNA and protein levels. These changes led to the suppression of several adipogenic-specific genes and proteins, including fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, and acetyl CoA carboxylase. However, the inhibitory effects of GFE on lipogenesis were only shown when GFE is treated in the early stage of adipogenesis within the first two days of differentiation. As a potential mechanism, during the early stages of differentiation, GFE inhibited cell proliferation by a decrease in the expression of DNA synthesis-related proteins and increased p27 expression and suppressed signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation induced in a differentiation medium. CONCLUSIONS: GFE inhibits lipogenesis by negative regulation of adipogenic transcription factors, which is associated with GFE-mediated cell cycle arrest and STAT3 inhibition.
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Adipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Gleditsia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Adipogénesis/fisiología , Animales , Proteínas Potenciadoras de Unión a CCAAT/genética , Proteínas Potenciadoras de Unión a CCAAT/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/química , Ratones , Mitosis/efectos de los fármacos , PPAR alfa/genética , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismoRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Jageum-Jung (JGJ) is an oriental herbal formula comprising five herbs (Melaphis chinensis Bell, Cremastra variabilis Nakai, Knoxia valerianoides Thorel, Euphorbia lathyris L., and Moschus moschiferus L.). It has been used for detoxification and treating cancer and inflammatory diseases in China, Japan, and Korea. However, the mechanism of action of JGJ on keratinocyte inflammatory response is poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of JGJ and studied the effects of JGJ on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We elucidated the anti-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of JGJ on tumor necrosis factor-α/interferon-γ (TNF-α/IFN-γ)-treated human keratinocyte cells, IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells, and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like mice, respectively. RESULTS: The results showed that JGJ suppressed the production and mRNA revels of IL-8, IL-6 and, conspicuously, both TARC and RANTES. JGJ inhibited nuclear translocation of the inflammatory transcription factors NFκB and STAT-1. Moreover, JGJ improved AD-like skin lesions in DNCB-treated mice and inhibited degranulation of mast cell. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that JGJ can be considered as a candidate agent for AD treatment.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Animales , Línea Celular , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dermatitis Atópica/metabolismo , Dermatitis Atópica/patología , Dinitroclorobenceno , Humanos , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Queratinocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismo , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/patologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of KIOM-2015EW, the hot-water extract of maple leaves in hyperosmolar stress (HOS)-induced human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). HCECs were exposed to hyperosmolar medium and exposed to KIOM-2015EW with or without the hyperosmolar media. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 production and apoptosis were observed, and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and nuclear factor (NF)-κB was confirmed. Compared to isomolar medium, the induction of cell cytotoxicity significantly increased in HCECs exposed to hyperosmolar medium in a time-dependent manner. KIOM-2015EW-treatment significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and apoptosis. KIOM-2015EW-treatment inhibited HOS-induced MAPK signaling activation. Additionally, the HOS-induced increase in NF-κB phosphorylation was attenuated by KIOM-2015EW. The results demonstrated that KIOM-2015EW protects the ocular surface by suppressing inflammation in dry eye disease, and suggest that KIOM-2015EW may be used to treat several ocular surface diseases where inflammation plays a key role.
Asunto(s)
Acer , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Epitelio Corneal/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Osmótica , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Xeroftalmia/prevención & control , Acer/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Células Cultivadas , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Epitelio Corneal/metabolismo , Epitelio Corneal/patología , Humanos , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta , Plantas Medicinales , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Xeroftalmia/etiología , Xeroftalmia/metabolismo , Xeroftalmia/patologíaRESUMEN
Enzymatic browning is a major issue that needs to be solved in the food industry. Although swertiajaponin is a flavonoid rich in the whole herb of Swertia japonica that has been clinically used, its biological functions and applicatâion in the foods have not been fully elucidated. Here, we showed that swertiajaponin efficiently blocked enzymatic browning in potatoes possibly by direct binding to and inactivating polyphenol oxidase. Furthermore, swertiajaponin showed potent antioxidant activity proven by markedly suppressed reactive oxygen species. Swertiajaponin significantly increased antioxidant properties of potato extract when it is added since it additively elevated total flavonoid content. Considering numerous beneficial effects of antioxidants, swertiajaponin may be used as a functional food additive to suppress enzymatic browning and elevate the antioxidant capacity of foods including beverages and soups by fortification of flavonoids.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Aditivos Alimentarios/farmacología , Catecol Oxidasa/metabolismo , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/efectos de los fármacos , Solanum tuberosum/metabolismoRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dianthi Herba is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat inflammatory-related diseases including acute pyelonephritis, cystitis, laryngopharyngitis, and urethritis. AIM OF THE STUDY: We investigated the effects of Dianthi Herba ethanolic extract (DH) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory responses in murine macrophages including RAW 264.7 cell line and mouse peritoneal macrophages as well as nociceptive and edema mouse models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The biological effects of DH on inflammatory cytokine, mediator, and related protein production were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR). Additionally, Western blotting was performed to investigate intracellular signaling pathways, and the anti-nociceptive activity of three doses of DH (100, 200, and 300mg/kg) against acetic acid-induced writhing responses and its inhibitory effects on xylene-induced ear edema were researched in mice through oral administration. RESULTS: DH treatment significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) secretion and inflammatory cytokine production in RAW 264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages and induced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. DH strongly inhibited the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Meanwhile, DH exerted anti-nociceptive effects on writhing responses and anti-edema effects in mice. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the anti-inflammatory activities and inhibitory mechanism of DH in macrophages and clarified its inhibitory effects in vivo. These findings illustrate the therapeutic potential of DH as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Dianthus , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Ácido Acético , Analgésicos/farmacología , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Hemo-Oxigenasa 1/metabolismo , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional de Asia Oriental , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Dolor/inducido químicamente , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Células RAW 264.7 , XilenosRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Perillae Herba is a perennial plant that is widely distributed throughout Asia. The leaves of Perillae Herba have been widely used to treat various diseases, such as cold due to wind-cold, headache, cough, abdominal fullness, distention, and fish and crab poisoning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To assess the anti-inflammatory activity of Perillae Herba leaf ethanolic extract (PHE) in human keratinocytes, we measured the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interferon (IFN)-γ-induced mRNA expression and production of proinflammatory chemokines such as thymus and activation-regulated chemokines; regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; interleukin (IL)-6; and IL-8 in HaCaT cells. We evaluated the ability of PHE to decrease the expression of proinflammatory marker proteins, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), STAT-1, and NK-κB, using western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: PHE inhibited activation of p38, ERK, and JNK and suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT-1 and NK-κB in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. PHE also suppressed chemokine mRNA and protein levels in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. PHE appears to regulate chemokine formation by inhibiting activation of MAPK, as well as the STAT-1 and NK-κB pathways. CONCLUSIONS: PHE suppresses the expression and production of TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated proinflammatory chemokines by blocking NF-κB, STAT-1, and MAPK activation.