Characterization of Undaria pinnatifida Root Enzymatic Extracts Using Crude Enzyme from Shewanella oneidensis PKA 1008 and Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect.

This study investigated the characterization and functionality of Undaria pinnatifida root (UPT) extracts, degraded using a crude enzyme from Shewanella oneidensis PKA1008. To obtain the optimum degrading conditions, the UPT was mixed with alginate degrading enzymes from S. oneidensis PKA 1008 and was incubated at 30°C for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The alginate degrading ability of these enzymes was then evaluated by measuring the reducing sugar, viscosity, pH and chromaticity. Enzymatic extract at 24 h revealed the highest alginate degrading ability and the lowest pH value. As the incubation time increased, the lightness (L *) also decreased and was measured at its lowest value, 39.84, at 12 hours. The redness and yellowness increased gradually to 10.27 at 6 h and to 63.95 at 3 h, respectively. Moreover, the alginate oligosaccharides exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. These results indicate that a crude enzyme from S. oneidensis PKA 1008 can be used to enhance the polysaccharide degradation of UPT and the alginate oligosaccharides may also enhance the anti-inflammatory effect.

Whitening and anti-wrinkle activities of ferulic acid isolated from Tetragonia tetragonioides in B16F10 melanoma and CCD-986sk fibroblast cells.

Ferulic acid isolated from Tetragonia tetragonioides was tested for its whitening effect on the B16F10 mouse melanoma cell line and its anti-wrinkle activity on the CCD-986sk human dermal fibroblast cell line. Ferulic acid, one of the primary phenolic compounds that can be isolated from T. tetragonioides, has been reported to show potential as a functional food, for its whitening effect and anti-wrinkle activity. To measure its whitening and anti-wrinkle activities, cells were treated with ferulic acid isolated from T. tetragonioides at concentrations between 5 and 20 µM. Ferulic acid showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 20 µM. Ferulic acid inhibited melanin synthesis, tyrosinase expression, and microphthalmia transcription factor expression in B16F10 cells stimulated with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Ferulic acid induced procollagen synthesis, hyaluronic acid synthesis, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase synthesis, and inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9 expression in CCD-986sk cells stimulated with UV-B. On the basis of these results, we conclude that ferulic acid isolated from T. tetragonioides shows potential for use as a functional food, with whitening and anti-wrinkle activities.

Potential effect of compounds isolated from Coffea arabica against UV-B induced skin damage by protecting fibroblast cells.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has adverse effects on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, leading to formation of wrinkles a hallmark of premature skin aging. The adverse effects of UV radiation are associated with induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression and degradation of collagen and elastin. The present study investigated anti-wrinkle effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA), pyrocatechol (PC) and 3,4,5-tricaffeoyl quinic acid (TCQ), isolated from beans of Coffea arabica, against UV-B stimulated mouse fibroblast cells (CCRF) by measuring expression levels of MMP-1, 3, 9, and type-I procollagen. The three compounds were isolated and purified from coffee grounds using column chromatography and structural examination was evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Among the three isolated compounds, CGA effectively suppressed the expression of the MMP-1, 3, and 9 and increased synthesis of type-I procollagen as compared UV-B-stimulated CCRF cells. In addition, CGA dose-dependently inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in CCRF cells stimulated by UV radiation. Moreover, CGA displayed a good sun protection factor (SPF) and in vitro DNA damage protection together with inhibition of enzyme xanthine oxidase. The enzyme inhibitory kinetic behavior of CGA was determined by Lineweaver-Burk plot, displayed a mixed type enzyme inhibition with 260.3±4.5µM, Ki value. The results indicate that CGA has potential to be used as a preventive agent against premature skin aging induced by UV radiation.

Ability of surfactant micelles to alter the physical location and reactivity of iron in oil-in-water emulsion.

The purpose of this research was to determine how surfactant micelles influence iron partitioning and iron-promoted lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions. Lipids containing ferric ions were used to produce oil-in-water emulsions, and continuous-phase iron concentrations in emulsions were measured as a function of varying continuous-phase polyoxyethylene 10-lauryl ether (Brij) concentrations. Continuous-phase iron concentrations increased with increasing surfactant micelle concentrations (0.1-2.0%) and storage time (1-7 days). At pH 3.0, the concentration of continuous-phase iron was higher than at pH 7.0. Similar trends in iron solubilization by Brij micelles were observed when either hexadecane or corn oil was used as the lipid phase. Lipid oxidation rates, as determined by the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and headspace hexanal, in corn oil-in-water emulsions containing iron decreased with increasing surfactant concentrations (0.5-2.0%). These results indicate that surfactant micelles could alter the physical location and prooxidant activity of iron in oil-in-water emulsions.