[Acute global amnesia as an exclusive presenting symptom of thalamic infarct: a diagnostic challenge]. / Amnesia global aguda como forma exclusiva de presentacion de infarto talamico: un reto diagnostico.

INTRODUCTION: Isolated acute amnesia is an exceptional presenting symptom of thalamic stroke. This study analyses the clinical profile, the diagnosis, the treatment and the prognosis of these patients. CASE REPORTS: We conducted a retrospective review of the cases of thalamic infarct that presented exclusively as acute amnesia in our university tertiary hospital (n = 3) and a review of similar cases in PubMed (n = 20). 48% presented at least one risk factor of stroke (arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation or a previous stroke). Amnesia was anterograde in three cases (13%) and global in the remaining 20 (87%). The infarct was detected in neuroimaging studies carried out within the first 24 hours in one patient (4%) and later in all the others; the average time until a diagnosis was established was 11 days. The initial CT scan was normal in five patients (22%). Eight cases (35%) required magnetic resonance imaging to detect the infarct. Of these, four subjects were studied directly with MR imaging. Amnesia clearly improved in eight patients (35%), and three of them (13%) made a full recovery. Fifteen patients (65%) presented mnemonic sequelae that interfered with their functional capacity. The clinical picture lasted less than 24 hours in two patients (9%). None of the cases received revasculisation therapy in the acute phase. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of thalamic infarcts that begin exclusively with amnesia is very difficult and this has negative repercussions on their treatment in the acute phase. These infarcts can produce a functionally disabling memory deficit in a high percentage of patients.

TITLE: Amnesia global aguda como forma exclusiva de presentacion de infarto talamico: un reto diagnostico.Introduccion. La amnesia aguda aislada es una forma excepcional de presentacion del ictus talamico. Se analizan el perfil clinico, el diagnostico, el tratamiento y el pronostico de estos pacientes. Casos clinicos. Revision retrospectiva de los casos de infarto talamico que se presentaron exclusivamente como amnesia aguda en nuestro hospital terciario universitario (n = 3) y revision de casos similares en PubMed (n = 20). El 48% presentaba al menos un factor de riesgo de ictus (hipertension arterial, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus, fibrilacion auricular o ictus previo). La amnesia fue anterograda en tres casos (13%) y global en los otros 20 (87%). El infarto se detecto en estudio de neuroimagen en las primeras 24 horas en un paciente (4%) y posteriormente en los demas, y la media de dias hasta el diagnostico fue de 11. La tomografia computarizada inicial fue normal en cinco (22%) pacientes. Precisaron estudio por resonancia magnetica ocho (35%) casos para detectar el infarto. De estos, cuatro sujetos se estudiaron directamente con resonancia magnetica. La amnesia presento una mejoria clara en ocho (35%) pacientes, y la recuperacion fue completa en tres (13%). Las secuelas mnesicas que interferian la capacidad funcional se presentaron en 15 pacientes (65%). La clinica persistio menos de 24 horas en dos pacientes (9%). Ningun caso recibio tratamiento revascularizador en fase aguda. Conclusion. Los infartos talamicos que comienzan de forma exclusiva con amnesia presentan notables dificultades diagnosticas que repercuten negativamente en su tratamiento en la fase aguda. Estos infartos pueden producir un deficit mnesico funcionalmente discapacitante en un porcentaje elevado de pacientes.

[Tarantism in Spain in the eighteen century: latrodectism and suggestion]. / El tarantismo en España en el siglo XVIII: latrodectismo y sugestion.

INTRODUCTION: Tarantism is the disease caused by the bite of the tarantula, in which the music tarantella triggers an involuntary dance. It is known in Italy since the sixteenth century. AIM: To analyze the tarantism reported in Spain at the end of the eighteenth century, with special attention to its neurological aspects, and to propose its medical and psychopathological explanation. DEVELOPMENT: An epidemic of people affected by the tarantula bite occurred in Spain in 1782. Spanish doctors described appropriately the clinical effects, identical to those produced by the bite of the spider black widow (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus), which was at that time identified as a tarantula. The cases reported by Francisco Xavier Cid cured with the involuntary dance triggered by the tarantella, as was described in Italy since the sixteenth century. Our interpretation is that this curative effect of dance in Spain was induced by suggestion. In Spanish patients there were no behavioral disturbances, periodic recurrences or collective involvement as those reported by Italian authors, which suggest an hysterical phenomenon, probably a continuation of the dancing mania of the Middle Age. CONCLUSIONS: Tarantism reported in Spain in the eighteenth century includes two different phenomena: the systemic symptoms produced by the tarantula bite, which is actually latrodectism, and the curative effect of the tarantella, explained by suggestion. The psychiatric disturbances, with a hysterical nature, falsely associated to the tarantula bite, observed in Italy, were not present among the Spanish cases of tarantism in the eighteenth century.

TITLE: El tarantismo en España en el siglo XVIII: latrodectismo y sugestion.Introduccion. El tarantismo es la enfermedad producida por la picadura de la tarantula, en la que la musica de la tarantela desencadena un baile involuntario. Se conoce en Italia desde el siglo XVI. Objetivo. Analizar el tarantismo descrito en España a finales del siglo XVIII, atendiendo especialmente a sus aspectos neurologicos, y proponer su explicacion medica y psicopatologica. Desarrollo. En 1782 hubo una epidemia de afectados por picadura de tarantula en España. Medicos españoles describieron correctamente los efectos clinicos, identicos a los provocados por la picadura de la araña viuda negra (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus), identificada en la epoca como tarantula. Los casos descritos por Francisco Xavier Cid curaban con el baile involuntario provocado por la tarantela, como se describia en Italia desde el siglo XVI. Interpretamos el efecto curativo de este baile en España como un fenomeno de sugestion. En los pacientes españoles no se producian los trastornos del comportamiento, las recidivas periodicas ni la afectacion colectiva descritos por autores italianos, y que sugieren un fenomeno histerico, probablemente continuacion de la mania danzante de la Edad Media. Conclusiones. El tarantismo descrito en España en el siglo XVIII incluye dos fenomenos distintos: los sintomas sistemicos producidos de la mordedura de la tarantula, que es en realidad un latrodectismo, y el efecto curativo de la tarantela, lo cual se explica por un fenomeno de sugestion. Los trastornos psiquicos falsamente asociados a la picadura de la tarantula observados en Italia, de origen histerico, no estuvieron presentes en los casos españoles de tarantismo del siglo XVIII.