Water-soluble extracts from edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) as inhibitors of hepatitis C viral replication.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main agent responsible for chronic liver disease. Recent advances in anti-HCV treatment strategies have significantly increased the viral clearance rate (>90%). However, sustained antiviral responses vary in different cohorts, and high costs limit the broad use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The goal of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory ability of well characterized (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) aqueous extracts obtained from edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) to diminish HCV viral replication. Our data have demonstrated an in vitro inhibitory effect of A. bisporus extracts on NS3/4A protease and HCV replication. Fractionation by ultra-filtration and sequential liquid-liquid extraction showed that the compounds responsible for the inhibition are water-soluble with low molecular weights (<3 kDa) and that action could be through the following five compounds: ergothioneine, adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine, which are present in all fractions (UF-3, AqF-3 kDa and organic fractions) showing NS3/4A inhibition. Low molecular weight aqueous extracts (<3 kDa) from A. bisporus have potential applications in the prophylaxis and treatment of HCV, especially for patients who do not have access to the last generation of DAAs. They may be useful as well for other flaviviruses, which also possess a NS3 serine protease.

Nutritional treatment of cancer cachexia in rats. Use of a diet formulated with a crayfish enzymatic extract.

BACKGROUND: Terminal cancer-associated cachexia, characterized by a marked weight loss, anorexia, asthenia and anemia, is usually associated with a malnutrition status. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate whether a diet formulated with a crayfish enzymatic extract, enriched in essential amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and astaxanthin, would be effective for the treatment of cancer-associated cachexias, by decreasing mortality and morbidity rates in cachectic rats and/or improving survival. METHODS: Two types of diet were used: a standard diet and one formulated with crayfish enzymatic extract. Rats were divided into two groups (24 animals per group): one without tumor (T-) and the other with tumor (T+) (AH-130 Yoshida ascites hepatoma). Each group was further divided into two subgroups (12 animals per subgroup). Two subgroups (T-(standard) and T+(standard)) were fed the standard diet and the other two (T-(CFEE) and T+(CFEE)) the crayfish enzymatic extract one for four weeks, after which different tissue and plasma parameters were studied. RESULTS: The implantation of the tumor resulted in a considerable loss of muscle and adipose tissue mass in both groups, but the loss of muscle and fat was lower in the group fed the crayfish enzymatic extract diet. There was also a concomitant increase in the plasma concentration of TNF-alpha, although the increase was smaller in the crayfish enzymatic extract-treated group. CONCLUSION: This study shows that although the treatment of cachetic rats with the crayfish enzymatic extract diet did not revert the cachexia, it increased survival (57.1% vs. 25.9% in the group treated with crayfish enzymatic extract and standard diets, respectively) and meliorated the cachexia symptoms--anorexia and body mass loss (muscle and adipose tissue).