RESUMEN
Immunodeficiencies are characterized as primary (genetic) or secondary (acquired). Primary immunodeficiencies are relatively uncommon; however, clinically, they present a significant challenge to the practitioner, especially if the underlying disorder goes unrecognized. Secondary immunodeficiencies may present at any age, but failure of passive transfer in neonatal foals is most commonly encountered. This article provides a general overview of clinical signs and diagnosis of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies currently recognized in horses.
Asunto(s)
Agammaglobulinemia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/inmunología , Inmunidad Materno-Adquirida , Síndromes de Inmunodeficiencia/veterinaria , Animales , Animales Lactantes/inmunología , Calostro/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/patología , Caballos , Inmunización Pasiva/veterinaria , Inmunoglobulina M/deficiencia , Síndromes de Inmunodeficiencia/diagnóstico , Síndromes de Inmunodeficiencia/inmunología , Síndromes de Inmunodeficiencia/patología , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/diagnóstico , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/inmunología , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/patología , Inmunodeficiencia Combinada Grave/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in systemic hydration, concentrations of electrolytes in plasma, hydration of colonic contents and feces, and gastrointestinal transit in horses treated with IV fluid therapy or enteral administration of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium sulfate (NaSO4), water, or a balanced electrolyte solution. ANIMALS: 7 horses with fistulas in the right dorsal colon (RDC). PROCEDURE: In a crossover design, horses alternately received 1 of 6 treatments: no treatment (control); IV fluid therapy with lactated Ringer's solution; or enteral administration of MgSO4, Na2SO4, water, or a balanced electrolyte solution via nasogastric intubation. Physical examinations were performed and samples of blood, RDC contents, and feces were collected every 6 hours during the 48 hour-observation period. Horses were muzzled for the initial 24 hours but had access to water ad libitum. Horses had access to hay, salt, and water ad libitum for the last 24 hours. RESULTS: Enteral administration of a balanced electrolyte solution and Na2SO4 were the best treatments for promoting hydration of RDC contents, followed by water. Sodium sulfate was the best treatment for promoting fecal hydration, followed by MgSO4 and the balanced electrolyte solution. Sodium sulfate caused hypocalcemia and hypernatremia, and water caused hyponatremia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enteral administration of a balanced electrolyte solution promoted hydration of RDC contents and may be useful in horses with large colon impactions. Enteral administration of either Na2SO4 or water may promote hydration of RDC contents but can cause severe electrolyte imbalances.