Mapeamento de práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde no SUS/PA, Brasil, 2022 / Mapping of integrative and complementary health practices in SUS/PA, Brazil, 2022

As modalidades de tratamento Medicina Tradicional Chinesa/Acupuntura (MTC/A) fazem parte das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde implementadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, via Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Realizar o mapeamento dos municípios do Estado do Pará que ofertam serviço de acupuntura e suas complementares. A pesquisa foi realizada em dados secundários fornecidos pela Secretaria de Saúde do Pará (SESPA), revisão de literatura narrativa e bases legais. O mapeamento das práticas MTC/A em 89 municípios, de janeiro a maio de 2022, tomou por base a estrutura das Regionais de Saúde do Pará. Os dados impossibilitam avaliar a frequência mensal dos atendimentos, pois as informações foram compactadas pelo total dos cinco meses. O gestor estadual não monitora o registro de dados nos sistemas do SUS; o que foi expresso permite afirmar que, efetivamente, as práticas de MTC/A não estão implantadas no SUS Pará, sendo registros pontuais

The treatment modalities Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncture (TCM/A) are part of the Integrative and Complementary Health Practices implemented by the Ministry of Health, through the Unified Health System (SUS). To map the municipalities in the State of Pará that offer acupuncture services and their complements. The research was conducted on secondary data provided by the Pará Health Department (SESPA), review of narrative literature and legal bases. The mapping of TCM/A practices in 89 municipalities, from January to May 2022, was based on the structure of the Pará Health Regions. The data make it impossible to evaluate the monthly frequency of visits, since the information was compressed for the total of five months. The state manager does not monitor the recording of data in the SUS systems; what was expressed allows us to affirm that, effectively, the practices of TCM/A are not implemented in SUS Pará, being punctual records.

Effects of supplementation on production and age anticipation at first mating of ewe lambs in tropical pastures.

Studies on the rearing of ewe lambs in the Cerrado are scarce, so the objective was to evaluate the effects of protein-energy supplementation with 1.6 and 2.4% BW on the productive and reproductive performance of ewe lambs raised on pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Twenty-four Texel ewe lambs, with a mean age of 5 months, were distributed in two treatments with provision of energy protein supplementation at levels of 1.6 and 2.4% BW, formulated for average daily gains of 150 and 200 g/day for ewe lambs weighing 20 kg, respectively. The experimental delineation adopted was the completely randomized design, with fifteen repetitions per treatment. The performance of the ewe lambs was evaluated by weight at the beginning and end of the breeding season (BS), average daily gain (ADG), and total weight gain (TWG). The count of fecal eggs was performed monthly. The evaluation of the ewe lambs reproductive organs took place at 8 months of age. The fertility of the ewe lambs was detected by transrectal ultrasonography at the end of the BS. The supplementation level of 2.4% BW was higher for ADG and TWG; however, it did not influence the other performance characteristics. There was no effect of supplementation on the reproductive characteristics, parasite load, and nutrients of the pasture. Pasture nutrients were influenced by the month of use. Supplementation levels were not effective to ensure the reproductive success of 8-month-old ewe lambs.

Evaluation of the Potential of Marine Algae Extracts as a Source of Functional Ingredients Using Zebrafish as Animal Model for Aquaculture.

Research on immunotherapeutic agents has become a focus for the treatment of fish diseases. The ability of algae to produce secondary metabolites of potential interest as immunotherapeutics has been documented. The present research intended to assess antiviral and antibacterial activities of macro- and microalgae extracts against viral and bacterial pathogens and explore their immunomodulatory potential using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae as a model organism. The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of eight methanolic and ethanolic extracts from two macroalgae (Fucus vesiculosus, Ulva rigida) and two microalgae (Nannochloropsis gaditana, Chlorella sp.) were analyzed in established fish cell lines. Six extracts were selected to evaluate antibacterial activity by disk diffusion and growth inhibition assays. The three most promising extracts were characterized in terms of fatty acid composition, incorporated at 1% into a plant-based diet, and evaluated their effect on zebrafish immune response and intestinal morphology in a short-term feeding trial. All extracts exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against viral hemorrhagic septicemia and/or infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses. Methanolic extracts from F. vesiculosus and U. rigida were richer in saturated fatty acids and exhibited in vitro antibacterial action against several bacteria. Most promising results were obtained in vivo with F. vesiculosus methanol extract, which exerted an anti-inflammatory action when incorporated alone into diets and induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, when combined with the other extracts. Moreover, dietary inclusion of the extracts improved intestinal morphology. In summary, the results obtained in this study support the potential of algae as natural sources of bioactive compounds for the aquaculture industry.

Microbiologic characteristics and antibiotic resistance rates of diabetic foot infections.

PURPOSE: the purpose of this research was to identify the sociodemographic and microbiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance rates of patients with diabetic foot infections, hospitalized in an emergency reference center. METHODS: it was an observational and transversal study. The sociodemographic data were collected by direct interview with the patients. During the surgical procedures, specimens of tissue of the infected foot lesions were biopsied to be cultured, and for bacterial resistance analysis. RESULTS: the sample consisted of 105 patients. The majority of patierns were men, over 50 years of age, married and with low educational level. There was bacterial growth in 95 of the 105 tissue cultures. In each positive culture only one germ was isolated. There was a high prevalence of germs of the Enterobacteriaceae family (51,5%). Gram-negative germs were isolated in 60% of cultures and the most individually isolated germs were the Gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus (20%) and Enterococcus faecalis (17,9%). Regarding antibiotic resistance rates, a high frequency of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (63,0%) and to ciprofloxacin (55,5%) was found; additionally, 43,5% of the Gram-negative isolated germs were resistant to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: the majority of patients were men, over 50 years of age, married and with low educational level. The most prevalent isolated germs from the infected foot lesions were Gram-negative bacteria, resistant to ciprofloxacin, and the individually most isolated germ was the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Microbiologic characteristics and antibiotic resistance rates of diabetic foot infections / Perfil microbiológico e de resistência bacteriana no pé diabético infectado

ABSTRACT Purpose: the purpose of this research was to identify the sociodemographic and microbiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance rates of patients with diabetic foot infections, hospitalized in an emergency reference center. Methods: it was an observational and transversal study. The sociodemographic data were collected by direct interview with the patients. During the surgical procedures, specimens of tissue of the infected foot lesions were biopsied to be cultured, and for bacterial resistance analysis. Results: the sample consisted of 105 patients. The majority of patierns were men, over 50 years of age, married and with low educational level. There was bacterial growth in 95 of the 105 tissue cultures. In each positive culture only one germ was isolated. There was a high prevalence of germs of the Enterobacteriaceae family (51,5%). Gram-negative germs were isolated in 60% of cultures and the most individually isolated germs were the Gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus (20%) and Enterococcus faecalis (17,9%). Regarding antibiotic resistance rates, a high frequency of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (63,0%) and to ciprofloxacin (55,5%) was found; additionally, 43,5% of the Gram-negative isolated germs were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: the majority of patients were men, over 50 years of age, married and with low educational level. The most prevalent isolated germs from the infected foot lesions were Gram-negative bacteria, resistant to ciprofloxacin, and the individually most isolated germ was the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o perfil sociodemográfico, microbiológico e de resistência bacteriana em pacientes com pé diabético infectado. Métodos: tratou-se de estudo observacional, transversal que avaliou os perfis sóciodemográfico e microbiológico de pacientes portadores de pé diabético infectado internados em Pronto Socorro de referência. Os dados sociodemográficos foram coletados por meio de entrevista. Foram colhidos, durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos, fragmentos de tecidos das lesões podais infectadas para realização de cultura/antibiograma. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 105 pacientes. O perfil sociodemográfico mais prevalente foi o de pacientes do sexo masculino, acima dos 50 anos, casados e com baixa escolaridade. Das 105 amostras de fragmentos de tecidos colhidos para realização de cultura e antibiograma, 95 foram positivas, com crescimento de um único germe em cada um dos exames. Houve predomínio de germes da família Enterobacteriaceae (51,5%). Germes Gram-negativos foram isolados em 60,0% das culturas e os espécimes mais isolados individualmente foram os cocos Gram-positivos, Staphylococcus aureus (20,0%) e Enterococcus faecalis (17,9%). Considerando-se os perfis de resistência bacteriana, verificou-se alta taxa de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (63,0%) e à ciprofloxacino (55,5%); verificou-se, também, que 43,5% dos germes Gram-negativos eram resistentes à ciprofloxacino. Conclusões: o perfil sociodemográfico majoritário, foi o de homens, com mais de 50 anos e com baixa escolaridade. Concluímos que os germes mais prevalentes nas lesões podais dos pacientes diabéticos foram os Gram-negativos, resistentes ao ciprofloxacino e que o germe mais isolado individualmente foi o Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina.

The genetic architecture of phosphorus efficiency in sorghum involves pleiotropic QTL for root morphology and grain yield under low phosphorus availability in the soil.

BACKGROUND: Phosphorus (P) fixation on aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides in soil clays restricts P availability for crops cultivated on highly weathered tropical soils, which are common in developing countries. Hence, P deficiency becomes a major obstacle for global food security. We used multi-trait quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to study the genetic architecture of P efficiency and to explore the importance of root traits on sorghum grain yield on a tropical low-P soil. RESULTS: P acquisition efficiency was the most important component of P efficiency, and both traits were highly correlated with grain yield under low P availability. Root surface area was positively associated with grain yield. The guinea parent, SC283, contributed 58% of all favorable alleles detected by single-trait mapping. Multi-trait mapping detected 14 grain yield and/or root morphology QTLs. Tightly linked or pleiotropic QTL underlying the surface area of fine roots (1-2 mm in diameter) and grain yield were detected at positions 1-7 megabase pairs (Mb) and 71 Mb on chromosome 3, respectively, and a root diameter/grain yield QTL was detected at 7 Mb on chromosome 7. All these QTLs were near sorghum homologs of the rice serine/threonine kinase, OsPSTOL1. The SbPSTOL1 genes on chromosome 3, Sb03g006765 at 7 Mb and Sb03g031690 at 60 Mb were more highly expressed in SC283, which donated the favorable alleles at all QTLs found nearby SbPSTOL1 genes. The Al tolerance gene, SbMATE, may also influence a grain yield QTL on chromosome 3. Another PSTOL1-like gene, Sb07g02840, appears to enhance grain yield via small increases in root diameter. Co-localization analyses suggested a role for other genes, such as a sorghum homolog of the Arabidopsis ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme, phosphate 2 (PHO2), on grain yield advantage conferred by the elite parent, BR007 allele. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic determinants conferring higher root surface area and slight increases in fine root diameter may favor P uptake, thereby enhancing grain yield under low-P availability in the soil. Molecular markers for SbPSTOL1 genes and for QTL increasing grain yield by non-root morphology-based mechanisms hold promise in breeding strategies aimed at developing sorghum cultivars adapted to low-P soils.

Da Hipnose à Interpretação: Aspectos da Gênese e Evolução de uma Prática / From Hypnosis to the Interpretation: Aspects of the Genesis and Evolution of a Practice / De la Hipnosis a la Interpretación: Aspectos de la Génesis y Evolución de una Práctica

O presente trabalho busca articular aspectos conceituais relativos à evolução da prática psicanalítica freudiana no que tange, fundamentalmente, ao trajeto compreendido entre a utilização da hipnose e o balizamento da interpretação. Em constantes articulações da técnica freudiana com as perspectivas de autores atuais, delimitam-se os alcances e destacam-se as transformações e inflexões cruciais da práxis ao longo do percurso freudiano. Inicia-se tendo por foco os primeiros escritos produzidos por Freud, numa retrospectiva do progresso técnico rumo à consolidação do método interpretativo, discutindo-se a evolução da técnica psicanalítica, seus limites, e a própria eficácia da hipnose e da interpretação enquanto recursos técnicos. O texto fornece ainda outros subsídios, auxiliando na pontuação de questões significativas do arcabouço psicanalítico e contemplando: (1) o motivo pelo qual o psiquismo por tantas vezes mostra-se impenetrável, (2) como a retirada do material recalcado move o afeto e (3) como são delineados os limites da evolução técnica da psicanálise....(AU)

The present paper searches to articulate conceptual aspects of the evolution of the Freudian psychoanalytic practice regarding, fundamentally, the path between the use of hypnosis and the beaconing of interpretation. In constant joints of the Freudian technique with perspectives of current authors, scopes are delimited and transformations and crucial inflections of the praxis throughout the Freudian passage are distinguished. Initially, the text focuses on the first writings produced by Freud, in a retrospect of the technic progress to the consolidation of the interpretative method. The evolution of the psychoanalysis technique, its limits, and the proper effectiveness of the hypnosis and interpretation as a technic resource are discussed. The text still provides important subsidies, assists on the points of significant questions of psychoanalysis structure, contemplating (1) the reason for which the psyche for as many times reveals itself as impenetrable, (2) how the removal of the repressed material moves the affection and (3) how the limits of the technique of psychoanalysis evolution are outlined....(AU)

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo articular aspectos conceptuales relacionados con la evolución de la práctica psicoanalítica freudiana con respecto, fundamentalmente, al camino comprendido entre la utilización de la hipnosis y el balizamiento de la interpretación. En constantes articulaciones de la técnica freudiana con las perspectivas de autores actuales, se delimitan los alcances y se destacan transformaciones e inflexiones cruciales de la praxis a lo largo del recorrido freudiano. El comienzo se concentra en los primeros escritos producidos por Freud, en una retrospectiva de progreso técnico hacia a la consolidación del método interpretativo, examinando la evolución de la técnica psicoanalítica, sus límites, y la propia eficacia de la hipnosis y la interpretación como recursos técnicos. El texto proporciona todavía otros subsidios, auxiliando en la puntuación de cuestiones significativas del esquema psicoanalítico y contemplando (1) el motivo por lo cual el psiquismo por tantas veces se muestra impenetrable, (2) como la retirada del material recalcado mueve el afecto y (3) como se detallan los límites de la evolución técnica del psicoanálisis....(AU)

The decision-making process in Brazil's ratification of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. / O processo decisório de ratificação da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde no Brasil.

Tobacco consumption is a leading cause of various types of cancer and other tobacco-related diseases. In 2003, the World Health Assembly adopted the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC), which aims to protect citizens from the health, social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke. The Convention was to be ratified by the Member States of the WHO; in Brazil's case, ratification involved the National Congress, which held public hearings in the country's leading tobacco growing communities (municipalities). The current study analyzes this decision-making process according to the different interests, positions, and stakeholders. In methodological terms, this is a qualitative study based on document research, drawing primarily on the shorthand notes from the public hearings. We analyze the interests and arguments for and against ratification. The article shows that although preceded by intense debates, the final decision in favor of ratification was made by a limited group of government stakeholders, characterizing a decision-making process similar to a funnel.

O processo decisório de ratificação da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde no Brasil / El proceso decisorio de ratificación del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en Brasil / The decision-making process in Brazil's ratification of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

Resumo: O consumo de tabaco é um dos principais responsáveis por diferentes tipos de câncer e outras enfermidades relacionadas a esse uso. Em 2003, a Assembleia Mundial de Saúde adotou a Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (CQCT-OMS), a qual visa a proteger os cidadãos das consequências sanitárias, sociais, ambientais e econômicas geradas pelo consumo e pela exposição à fumaça do tabaco. A Convenção deveria ser ratificada pelos países membros da OMS e, no caso brasileiro, sua ratificação envolveu o Congresso Nacional, que realizou audiências públicas nas principais cidades produtoras da erva. Neste trabalho, analisa-se esse processo decisório à luz dos diferentes interesses, posições e atores sociais envolvidos. Em termos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo qualitativo fundamentado em pesquisa documental baseada, sobretudo, nas notas taquigráficas das audiências públicas. São analisados os interesses e os argumentos apresentados favoráveis e contrários à ratificação. O artigo demonstra que, apesar de precedida por intensos debates, a decisão final favorável à ratificação foi tomada por um grupo restrito de agentes públicos, caracterizando um processo decisório que se assemelha a um funil.

Resumen: El consumo de tabaco es uno de los principales responsables de los diferentes tipos de cáncer y otras enfermedades relacionadas con su consumo. En 2003, la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud adoptó el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CQCT-OMS), que tiene como objetivo proteger a los ciudadanos de las consecuencias sanitarias, sociales, ambientales y económicas generadas por el consumo y por la exposición al humo del tabaco. El convenio debería ser ratificado por los países miembros de la OMS y, en el caso brasileño, su ratificación involucró al Congreso Nacional, que realizó audiencias públicas en las principales ciudades productoras de esta planta. En este trabajo, se analiza ese proceso decisorio a la luz de los diferentes intereses, posiciones y actores sociales involucrados. En términos metodológicos, se trata de un estudio cualitativo, fundamentado en una investigación documental basada, sobre todo, en las notas taquigráficas de las audiencias públicas. Se analizan los intereses y los argumentos presentados favorables y contrarios a la ratificación. El artículo demuestra que, a pesar de estar precedida por intensos debates, la decisión final favorable a la ratificación se tomó por parte de un grupo restringido de agentes públicos, caracterizando un proceso decisorio semejante por su dinámica al de un embudo.

Abstract: Tobacco consumption is a leading cause of various types of cancer and other tobacco-related diseases. In 2003, the World Health Assembly adopted the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC), which aims to protect citizens from the health, social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke. The Convention was to be ratified by the Member States of the WHO; in Brazil's case, ratification involved the National Congress, which held public hearings in the country's leading tobacco growing communities (municipalities). The current study analyzes this decision-making process according to the different interests, positions, and stakeholders. In methodological terms, this is a qualitative study based on document research, drawing primarily on the shorthand notes from the public hearings. We analyze the interests and arguments for and against ratification. The article shows that although preceded by intense debates, the final decision in favor of ratification was made by a limited group of government stakeholders, characterizing a decision-making process similar to a funnel.

Somatic cell counts as an indicator of mammary infection in periparturient cows / Contagem de células somáticas como indicador de infecção mamária em vacas periparturientes

The somatic cell count (SCC) is a screening test for the evaluation of intramammary infection; however, changes in mammary secretion during colostrogenesis can promote a physiological increase in the SCC, potentially reducing its reliability in the diagnosis of mastitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate bovine colostrum SCC as an indicative parameter of breast infection in Holstein periparturient cows. A total of 80 samples were harvested from the first milking colostrum of 20 cows and were subjected to manual SCC and bacteriological examination. Bacterial growth was present in 36.62% of the crops; coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) was the predominant microorganism (76.92%). The median SCC in infected cows (1.8 × 106 cells/mL) was significantly higher than in uninfected cows (0.9 × 106 cells/mL) (p = 0.0451). The sensitivity (10015%), specificity (1002.2%), and false positive (1002.2%) of the SCC decreased gradually when thresholds of 0.210.0 × 106 cells/mL were adopted. In contrast, the proportion of false negatives (084.6%) revealed an opposite trend. The threshold of greatest concordance between SCC and bacteriological examination was 10.0 × 106 cells/mL; however, the sensitivity rates (15.4%), specificity (2.2%), and false positive (2.2%) were very low. Based on these results, we conclude that SCCs increased prior to the infectious processes of the mammary gland, particularly in the CNS group. However, physiological changes caused by colostrogenesis resulted in poor concordance between the SCC and bacteriological examination of the colostrum...

A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) é um teste de triagem para avaliação de infecção intramamária, porém, as alterações na composição do colostro observadas durante a colostrogênese podem promover o aumento fisiológico da CCS e inviabilizar o uso desta prova para diagnóstico da mastite. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a CCS do colostro como parâmetro indicativo de infecção mamária em vacas Holandesas periparturientes. Para tanto, foram colhidas 80 amostras de colostro de primeira ordenha, provenientes de 20 vacas, para a CCS manual e exame bacteriológico (EB). Observou-se crescimento bacteriano em 36,62% dos cultivos, com predomínio de Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa (SCN) (76,92%). O valor mediano da CCS de vacas infectadas (1,8 x106 células/mL) foi maior do que o obtido para as vacas sadias (0,9 x106 células/mL) (P=0,0451). A sensibilidade (100 a 15%), especificidade (100 a 2,2%) e falso-positivo (100 a 2,2%) diminuíram gradativamente quando os limiares de 0,2 a 10,0 x106 células/mL foram adotados. Em contrapartida, a proporção de falso-negativo (0 a 84,6%) apresentou perfil inverso. O limiar de maior concordância entre a CCS e EB foi de 10,0 x106 células/mL, porém os índices de sensibilidade (15,4%), especificidade (2,2%) e falso-positivo (2,2%) foram muito baixos. Com base nos resultados encontrados, conclui-se que a CCS apresentou elevação diante dos processos infecciosos da glândula mamária (GM), causados especialmente por bactérias do grupo SCN. No entanto, as alterações fisiológicas decorrentes da colostrogênese resultaram em baixa concordância entre a CCS e o exame bacteriológico do colostro...

Homeopatia aplicada à reprodução animal / Homeopathy applied to animal reproduction / Homeopatía aplicada a la reproducción animal

A homeopatia é um sistema terapêutico que propõe abordagem clínica e terapêutica para o tratamento do indivíduo doente, desenvolvida por Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann no final do século XVIII. No Brasil, a homeopatia foi introduzida por Benoit Mure, em 1840, tornando-se uma nova opção de tratamento. Como princípio básico tem-se a utilização de medicamentos dinamizados, ou seja, preparados a partir de substâncias animais, vegetais, minerais ou tecidos doentes. Existem duas leis que sustentam a homeopatia como parte da medicina. A primeira é a Lei dos Semelhantes - ?Similia simili buscurentur?- (os semelhantes que se curem pelos semelhantes) e, a segunda, a Lei do Vitalismo. O uso da homeopatia na reprodução se faz importante na busca de melhorias da fertilidade animal, tanto no diz respeito ao tratamento de patologias quanto na eficiência reprodutiva. Contudo, novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos, uma vez que há divergências nos resultados encontrados na literatura.

Homeopathy is a therapeutic system proposing both clinical and therapeutic approaches to the treatment of the patient, developed by Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann in the late eighteenth century. In Brazil, homeopathy was introduced by Benoit Mure in 1840, becoming a new treatment option. The use of dynamized medication, or prepared from animal, vegetable or mineral substances, or from diseased tissue is at the core of homeopathy. There are two laws that support homeopathy as part of medicine. The first one is the Law of Similars - ?Similia simili buscurentur? - (like cures like). The second law is the Law of Vitalism. The use of homeopathy in reproduction is important in the search for improvement in animal fertility, both regarding the treatment of diseases and as in reproductive efficiency. However, further studies still need to be developed, since there are differences in the results found in literature.

La homeopatía es un sistema terapéutico que ofrece enfoque clínico y terapéutico para el tratamiento de la persona enferma, desarrollado por Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann a finales del siglo XVIII. En Brasil, la homeopatía fue introducida por Benoit Mure en 1840, convirtiéndose en una nueva opción de tratamiento. Como principio básico se ha utilizado drogas energizadas, es decir, sustancias preparadas a partir de animales, vegetales, minerales o tejidos enfermos. Hay dos leyes que apoyan la homeopatía como parte de la medicina. La primera es la ley de los semejantes - ?Similia simili buscurentur? - (los semejantes que se curen por los semejantes) y, la segunda, la Ley del Vitalismo. El uso de la homeopatía en la reproducción llega a ser importante en la búsqueda de la mejora de la fertilidad de los animales, tanto en lo que respecta al tratamiento de patologías como la eficiencia reproductiva. Sin embargo, nuevos estudios deben ser desarrollados, ya que hay divergencias en los resultados encontrados en la literatura.

Estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea para tratamento de urgência ou urge-incontinência urinária em crianças e adolescentes: ensaio clínico fase II / Transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation for the treatment of urinary urgency or urge-incontinence in children and adolescents: a Phase II clinica

ResumoObjetivo:Determinar a efetividade de 20 sessões de estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) parassacral com periodicidade de duas vezes semanais no tratamento da urgência ou urge-incontinência urinária em crianças e adolescentes.Métodos:Ensaio clínico fase II, envolvendo pacientes com idade entre 5 e 14 anos com urgência ou urge-incontinência urinária. Realizadas 20 sessões de TENS, duas vezes por semana (aparelho Dualpex 961 Quark®). Os resultados foram avaliados pelo diário miccional, ultrassonografia dinâmica do trato urinário inferior (USGD-TUI) pré e pós-tratamento e questionário sobre perdas urinárias em cada sessão.Resultados:A idade média das 25 crianças envolvidas no estudo foi 7,80 ± 2,22 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (92%) e com urge-incontinência (92%). A comparação dos eventos de perda urinária pré e pós-tratamento foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,04); houve regressão do sintoma de perda urinária referida pelos acompanhantes em todas as crianças que completaram a 20ª sessão; os parâmetros da USGD-TUI, embora não estatisticamente significativos, demonstraram redução do percentual de crianças com contrações detrusoras (62,5% para 43,5%); maior adequação do volume vesical pré-miccional (4,2% versus 19,0%), respectivamente pré e pós-tratamento.Conclusões:A eletroestimulação realizada em duas sessões semanais demonstrou efetividade e metade dos pacientes apresentou regressão da incontinência urinária a partir da 12ª sessão, porém, é necessário maior número de pacientes para confirmação dos resultados obtidos.

AbstractObjective:To determine the effectiveness of 20 twice-weekly sessions of parasacral transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation (TENS) for treatment of urinary urgency and urge-incontinence in children and adolescents.Methods:A Phase II clinical trial was carried out with patients with urinary urgency or urge-incontinence aged between 5 and 14 years. Twenty TENS sessions were conducted, twice weekly, using a Quark® Dualpex 961 apparatus. The variables analyzed were daily micturition, dynamics ultrasonography of the lower urinary tract pre-and post-treatment and responses to a questionnaire on urinary leakage applied during each session.Results:The mean age of the 25 children participating in the study was 7.80 ± 2.22 years, most were female (92%) and had urge-incontinence (92%). The difference in urinary leakage pre- and post-treatment was statistically significant ( p = 0.04); a decline in the symptom of urinary leakage was reported by all caregivers in children who completed the 20th session; the ultrasound parameters, although not statistically significant, showed a reduction in the percentage of children with detrusor contractions (from 62.5% to 43.5%); and a more adequate pre-micturition bladder volume of 4.2% post-treatment compared with 19.0% prior to treatment.Discussion:The electro-stimulation carried out during the twice weekly sessions appeared to be effective and urinary incontinence declined in half of the patients from the 12th session onwards. However, there is a need for a study involving a larger number of patients to confirm the results obtained.

Evaluation of mutagenic and genotoxic activities of lobeline and its modulation on genomic instability induced by ethanol.

AIM: Lobeline is a natural alkaloid derived from Lobelia inflata that has been investigated as a clinical candidate for the treatment of alcoholism. In a pre-clinical trial, lobeline decreased the preference for and consumption of ethanol, due to the modulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. However, the interaction between lobeline and ethanol is poorly known and thus there are safety concerns. The present study was conducted to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of lobeline and assess its modulation of ethanol-induced toxicological effects. MAIN METHODS: CF-1 male mice were divided into five groups. Groups received an intraperitoneal injection of saline solution, lobeline (5 or 10mg/kg), ethanol (2.5 g/kg), or lobeline plus ethanol, once a day for three consecutive days. Genotoxicity was evaluated in peripheral blood using the alkaline comet assay. The mutagenicity was evaluated using both Salmonella/microsome assay in TA1535, TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102 Salmonella typhimurium strains and the micronucleus test in bone marrow. Possible liver and kidney injuries were evaluated using biochemical analysis. KEY FINDINGS: Lobeline did not show genotoxic or mutagenic effects and did not increase the ethanol-induced genotoxic effects in blood. Lobeline also protected blood cells against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. Biochemical parameters were not altered, indicating no liver or kidney injuries or alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that lobeline does not induce gene or chromosomal mutations, and that this lack of genetic toxicity is maintained in the presence of ethanol, providing further evidence of the safety of this drug to treat alcohol dependence.

Homeopatia aplicada à reprodução animal / Homeopathy applied to animal reproduction / Homeopatía aplicada a la reproducción animal

A homeopatia é um sistema terapêutico que propõe abordagem clínica e terapêutica para o tratamento do indiví- duo doente, desenvolvida por Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann no final do século XVIII. No Brasil, a homeopatia foi introduzida por Benoit Mure, em 1840, tornando-se uma nova opção de tratamento. Como princípio básico tem-se a utiliza- ção de medicamentos dinamizados, ou seja, preparados a partir de substâncias animais, vegetais, minerais ou tecidos doentes. Existem duas leis que sustentam a homeopatia como parte da medicina. A primeira é a Lei dos Semelhantes - “Similia simili buscurentur”- (os semelhantes que se curem pelos semelhantes) e, a segunda, a Lei do Vitalismo. O uso da homeopatia na reprodução se faz importante na busca de melhorias da fertilidade animal, tanto no diz respeito ao tratamento de patologias quanto na eficiência reprodutiva. Contudo, novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos, uma vez que há divergências nos resultados encontrados na literatura...

Homeopathy is a therapeutic system proposing both clinical and therapeutic approaches to the treatment of the patient, developed by Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann in the late eighteenth century. In Brazil, homeopathy was introduced by Benoit Mure in 1840, becoming a new treatment option. The use of dynamized medication, or prepared from animal, vegetable or mineral substances, or from diseased tissue is at the core of homeopathy. There are two laws that support homeopathy as part of medicine. The first one is the Law of Similars - “Similia simili buscurentur” - (like cures like). The second law is the Law of Vitalism. The use of homeopathy in reproduction is important in the search for improvement in animal fertility, both regarding the treatment of diseases and as in reproductive efficiency. However, further studies still need to be developed, since there are differences in the results found in literature...

La homeopatía es un sistema terapéutico que ofrece enfoque clínico y terapéutico para el tratamiento de la persona enferma, desarrollado por Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann a finales del siglo XVIII. En Brasil, la homeopatía fue introducida por Benoit Mure en 1840, convirtiéndose en una nueva opción de tratamiento. Como principio básico se ha utilizado drogas energizadas, es decir, sustancias preparadas a partir de animales, vegetales, minerales o tejidos enfermos. Hay dos leyes que apoyan la homeopatía como parte de la medicina. La primera es la ley de los semejantes - “Similia simili buscurentur” - (los semejantes que se curen por los semejantes) y, la segunda, la Ley del Vitalismo. El uso de la homeopatía en la reproducción llega a ser importante en la búsqueda de la mejora de la fertilidad de los animales, tanto en lo que respecta al tratamiento de patologías como la eficiencia reproductiva. Sin embargo, nuevos estudios deben ser desarrollados, ya que hay divergencias en los resultados encontrados en la literatura...

Pre-clinical validation of a vaginal cream containing copaiba oil (reproductive toxicology study).

The aims of this study was to evaluate the effects of oil-resin of Copaiba (Copaifera duckei Dwyer), aired in vaginal cream on the reproductive performance of female rats (Rattus norvegicus). To determine the components of the C. duckei oleoresin, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (CG-MS) was used, and considering the trans-caryophyllene sesquiterpene as a phytochemical marker in the oleoresin. Due to the extensive use of copaiba oleoresin in the suppository form for gynecological infections, an evaluation was carried out on the effects of copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera duckei Dwyer), delivered in a vaginal cream, on the reproductive performance of female Wistar rats. For this purpose, three groups (n=5-6/group) of female rats were treated as follows: 1--vaginal cream of copaiba oleoresin (28.6 mg/kg), 2--base vaginal cream and 3--control (physiological saline 0.9%), administered intravaginally, for 30 days before pregnancy, and from day zero to day 20 during pregnancy. Laparotomy was performed on the 21st day of pregnancy, followed by the determination of reproductive variables: number of live and dead fetuses, mass of the fetuses and placentas, number of implantations and resorptions, number of corpora lutea, pre- and post-implantation loss, and analyses of the fetuses with regard to external and internal anomalies and/or malformations (skeletal and visceral). The trans-caryophyllene present in the sample is suggested as a phytochemical marker and the results of this study demonstrate an absence of maternal toxicity and foetotoxicity embryofoetotoxicity at the dose administered, corresponding to ten times the recommended dose for use in humans. Accordingly, no significant statistical difference was observed between the treated and control groups, for the variables analyzed. Thus, it is concluded that the vaginal cream containing 2.5% copaiba oleoresin is safe during gestation, in female rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain.

Antiplatelet activity of geranylgeraniol isolated from Pterodon pubescens fruit oil is mediated by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1.

Geranylgeraniol is a natural isoprenoid with anti-inflammatory properties extracted from the Pterodon pubescens Benth. fruit oil (PpO). In this work, the antiplatelet effect of both PpO and geranylgeraniol is investigated. ADP-, thrombin- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation in human and rabbit platelets showed a prime involvement of PpO and geranylgeraniol in the arachidonic acid cascade. The lack of any significant inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by U-46 619 and thrombin, associated with PpO and geranylgeraniol suppression of prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane A(2) formation demonstrate, for the first time, the involvement of geranylgeraniol in the AA metabolisation by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme.

Antinociceptive properties of ethanolic extract and fractions of Pterodon pubescens Benth. seeds.

We have previously demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract from Pterodon pubescens Benth. seeds (sucupira branca, Leguminosae) exhibits anti-arthritic activity and that its oleaginous extract (OEP) and PF1 fraction exhibit acute and topic anti-edematogenic activities. In this work, we studied the antinociceptive activity of OEP and its fractions on the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction and formalin assays in SW male mice. OEP was obtained by ethanol extraction and its four fractions by sequential liquid-liquid extraction. PF2 GC/MS profile indicated it contains furane diterpenes derivatives of vouacapan and non-vouacapan compounds. The antinociceptive properties were demonstrated to OEP and predominantly to PF1 and PF2 by the writhing test. In the formalin assay, PF1 inhibited both phases and PF2 inhibited mainly the late one. Then, PF1 and PF2 seemed to present antinociceptive effects by different mechanisms, peripheral and/or central inhibitory ones, and showed maximum antinociceptive properties with very low doses, providing a rationale for its popular use in pain disorders.

Achieving the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control's potential by investing in national capacity.

May 2003 marked a critical achievement in efforts to stem the global tobacco epidemic, as the member states of the World Health Organization unanimously endorsed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). However, the adoption of the FCTC signifies only the end of the beginning of effective global action to control tobacco. Over the next several years the utility of the FCTC process and the treaty itself will be tested as individual countries seek to ratify and implement the treaty's obligations. Significant barriers to the treaty's long term success exist in many countries. It is crucial that the international tobacco control community now refocuses its efforts on national capacity building and ensures that individual countries have the knowledge, tools, data, people, and organisations needed to implement the convention and develop sustained tobacco control programmes. This paper provides a model of national tobacco control capacity and offers a prioritised agenda for action.