RESUMEN
This paper describes the fabrication of oligonucleotide-coated Cy5-doped silica nanoparticles using a combination of multivalent linkers and their use in surface-based DNA sandwich hybridization assays. Dipodal silane is introduced as a means to fabricate amine-coated silica nanoparticles and its advantages compared to monopodal silanes are discussed. The use of dipodal silane in conjunction with three different polymer linkers (oxidized dextran, linear and 8-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG)) to immobilize single-stranded DNA to Cy5-doped nanoparticles is investigated and dynamic light scattering measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to follow the progression of the functionalization of the nanoparticles. We observe a significant improvement in the binding stability of the single-stranded DNA when the dipodal silane and 8-arm PEG are used in combination, when compared to alternative conjugation strategies. Both 8mer and 22mer oligonucleotides are securely conjugated to the high-brightness nanoparticles and their availability to hybridize with a complementary strand is confirmed using solution-based DNA hybridization experiments. In addition, a full surface-based sandwich assay demonstrates the potential these nanoparticles have in the detection of less than 500 femtomolar of a DNA analogue of micro RNA, miR-451.
Asunto(s)
Nanopartículas/química , Oligonucleótidos/química , Oligonucleótidos/metabolismo , Dióxido de Silicio/química , Aminas/química , ADN de Cadena Simple/química , ADN de Cadena Simple/metabolismo , Dispersión Dinámica de Luz , Polietilenglicoles/química , Silanos/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierAsunto(s)
Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Nicardipino/uso terapéutico , Nifedipino/uso terapéutico , Factores de Edad , Antihipertensivos/farmacocinética , Niño , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Humanos , Nicardipino/farmacocinética , Nifedipino/farmacocinéticaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Grasas de la Dieta/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos/farmacología , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Ciencias de la Nutrición/educación , American Heart Association , Animales , Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacos , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Grasas de la Dieta/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/farmacología , Aceites de Pescado , Hemostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreción de Insulina , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Política Nutricional , Aceites de Plantas , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Dysphagia is a common poststroke occurrence. It is associated with aspiration, pneumonia, and malnutrition and can persist in some patients. Prompt evaluation and treatment are crucial to prevent ensuing medical problems. This article reviews the current best practices in clinical and dynamic deglutitive evaluations, including screening methods for identification of stroke patients at risk for dysphagia and aspiration. Optimal patterns of care in the management and treatment of the dysphagic stroke patient are also discussed.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Deglución/etiología , Trastornos de Deglución/terapia , Métodos de Alimentación/normas , Práctica Profesional/normas , Accidente Cerebrovascular/complicaciones , Biorretroalimentación Psicológica , Trastornos de Deglución/diagnóstico , Electromiografía , Humanos , Laringoscopía/métodos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
We conducted an observational cohort study in three nurse-midwifery services to identify patient characteristics and clinical care measures related to perineal trauma at birth. Data were collected on all women who began care with a nurse-midwife in labor, using an adaptation of the Nurse-Midwifery Clinical Data Set (n = 3,049). Study variables included demographics, perineal management techniques and position for birth, and other intrapartum care and events. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that episiotomy was strongly related to fetal bradycardia, prolonged second stage, ethnic status, and maternal education level. Warm compresses and flexion/counter-pressure to slow delivery were protective. Spontaneous lacerations were influenced by these factors as well. The lateral position for birth was protective, and use of oils or lubricants and the lithotomy position increased lacerations, Multisite studies in nurse-midwifery practices may provide an ideal means of determining effective care measures in healthy populations.
Asunto(s)
Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Partería/métodos , Complicaciones del Trabajo de Parto/etiología , Complicaciones del Trabajo de Parto/enfermería , Perineo/lesiones , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Episiotomía , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermeras Obstetrices , Postura , Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Distal ulcerative colitis can be treated with oral or rectal mesalazine, or both. A foam enema preparation has been developed and its efficacy investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mesalazine foam enemas compared with prednisolone foam enemas in the treatment of patients with acute distal ulcerative colitis. Patients aged over 18 years presenting with a relapse of distal ulcerative colitis were randomly allocated treatment with mesalazine foam enema (n = 149 evaluable patients) and prednisolone foam enema (n = 146 evaluable patients) for four weeks. A randomised multicentre investigator blind parallel group trial was conducted. It was found that after four weeks of treatment, clinical remission was achieved by 52% of mesalazine treated patients and 31% of patients treated with prednisolone (p < 0.001). There was a trend in favour of more patients in the mesalazine group achieving sigmoidoscopic remission (40% v 31%, p = 0.10). Histological remission was achieved by 27% and 21% of patients receiving mesalazine and prednisolone respectively. Symptoms improved in both treatment groups. Significantly more mesalazine patients had no blood in their stools after four weeks of treatment (67% v 40%, p < 0.001). Prednisolone treated patients had significantly fewer days with liquid stools than mesalazine patients, with a median of 0 and 1 days respectively by week 4 (p = 0.001). In this study mesalazine foam enema was superior to prednisolone foam enema with regards to clinical remission, this was supported by favourable trends in sigmoidoscopic and histological remission rates. Both treatments were well tolerated.