Use of blood-pressure-lowering medication and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between use of anti-hypertensive drugs and prostate cancer incidence among 48,389 men in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. METHODS: Proportional hazards models were used to calculate rate ratios (RR) for use of Beta-Blockers (BBs), Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), and ACE Inhibitors (ACE) and incident prostate cancer in time-dependent analyses. RESULTS: During follow-up from 1997 to 2005, we identified 3,031 cases of incident prostate cancer. Anti-hypertensive use was associated with slightly decreased risk of all (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.98) and organ-confined low-grade prostate cancer (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.99), but was not statistically significantly associated with aggressive-fatal prostate cancer (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.79-1.10). BB and ACE inhibitor treatment was associated with an approximately 10% lower risk for all prostate cancer in models adjusted for age and race. These associations were attenuated and lost statistical significance when adjusted for history of heart disease. No trend with duration of use was detected. CONCLUSIONS: These results do not support the hypothesis that anti-hypertensive medication is strongly associated with risk of prostate cancer. Confounding by concurrent illness may explain inverse associations seen in other studies.

Postmenopausal hormone therapy and lung cancer risk in the cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort.

BACKGROUND: Studies of postmenopausal hormone therapy and lung cancer incidence have reported positive, negative, and null associations. Most of these studies, however, have had limited ability to control rigorously for cigarette smoking or to examine risk separately by smoking status. METHODS: We examined the association between postmenopausal hormone therapy and lung cancer incidence by smoking status among 72,772 women in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate rate ratios (RR). RESULTS: During follow-up from 1992 to 2003, we identified 659 cases of incident lung cancer. Current use of any postmenopausal hormone therapy was significantly associated with decreased risk of incident lung cancer [multivariate RR, 0.76; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.62-0.92]. Similar risk estimates were observed for unopposed estrogen use (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60-0.94) and for estrogen plus progestin (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57-1.01). Risk associated with current use of postmenopausal hormone therapy was decreased among never smokers (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.95) as well as current smokers (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.55-1.05) and former smokers (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99). Former hormone use was not associated with lung cancer. No trend with duration of hormone use was detected. CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that postmenopausal hormone therapy is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, although the absence of a dose-response relationship weakens the evidence for causality.