Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global public health issue due to its high morbidity, mortality, and economic impact. The implementation of innovative therapeutic alternatives for CVD is urgently required. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) are bioactive compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, integrated into four families: Lipoxins, Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins. SPMs have generated interest in recent years due to their ability to promote the resolution of inflammation associated with the pathogeneses of numerous illnesses, particularly CVD. Several preclinical studies in animal models have evidenced their ability to decrease the progression of atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, and reperfusion injury via diverse mechanisms. Large-scale clinical trials are required to determine the effects of SPMs in humans. This review integrates the currently available knowledge of the therapeutic impact of SPMs in CVD from preclinical and clinical studies, along with the implicated molecular pathways. In vitro results have been promising, and as such, SPMs could soon represent a new therapeutic alternative for CVD.

Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplements with Sucromalt and Isomaltulose versus Standard Formula on Glycaemic Index, Entero-Insular Axis Peptides and Subjective Appetite in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Cross-Over Study.

Oral diabetes-specific nutritional supplements (ONS-D) induce favourable postprandial responses in subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM2), but they have not been correlated yet with incretin release and subjective appetite (SA). This randomised, double-blind, cross-over study compared postprandial effects of ONS-D with isomaltulose and sucromalt versus standard formula (ET) on glycaemic index (GI), insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and SA in 16 individuals with DM2. After overnight fasting, subjects consumed a portion of supplements containing 25 g of carbohydrates or reference food. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min; and SA sensations were assessed by a visual analogue scale on separate days. Glycaemic index values were low for ONS-D and intermediate for ET (p < 0.001). The insulin area under the curve (AUC0-180 min) (p < 0.02) and GIP AUC (p < 0.02) were lower after ONS-D and higher GLP-1 AUC when compared with ET (p < 0.05). Subjective appetite AUC was greater after ET than ONS-D (p < 0.05). Interactions between hormones, hunger, fullness and GI were found, but not within the ratings of SA; isomaltulose and sucromalt may have influenced these factors.

Noncaloric Sweeteners in Children: A Controversial Theme.

Noncaloric sweeteners (NCS) are food additives used to provide sweetness without adding calories. Their consumption has become more widespread around the world in all age groups, including children. The aim of this study is to show the state of the art about the intake of noncaloric sweeteners in children, as well as their benefits and consumption risk. Scientific searchers were used (PUBMED, Scopus, and Scielo) to analyze articles that included keywords (noncaloric sweeteners/saccharin/cyclamate/acesulfame potassium/aspartame/sucralose/stevia/children) in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Authors conclude that it is imperative that health professionals judiciously and individually evaluate the overall benefits and risks of NCS use in consumers before recommending their use. Different subgroups of the population incorporate products containing NCS in their diet with different objectives, which should be considered when recommending a diet plan for the consumer. In childhood, in earlier age groups, this type of additives should be used as a dietary alternative when other forms of prevention in obesity are not sufficient.

[Role of the stevia and L-carnitine of a nutritional supplement on glycemic impact in adults]. / Rol de la estevia y L-carnitina sobre el impacto glicémico de un suplemento nutricional en adultos.

Currently the food industry has generated interest in non-nutritive sweeteners, for example Stevia and in special components such as L-carnitine, used in formulations of nutritional supplements for glycemic control specific for diabetics. The present study evaluated the effect of stevia and L-carnitine on the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (CG) of a nutritional supplement in 19 healthy subjects (9 men and 10 women), who randomly completed 3 consumption tests, 1 for the supplement and 1 for each reference product: Glucose solution (SG) and white bread (PB), obtaining blood samples at the 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min times; for measurement of blood glucose, basal and postprandial insulin. The increase area under the glucose curve (IAUC) was lower for supplement 11,778.73 than for reference products (SG) 13,724.06; (PB) 13,153.56 α= p 0.005. IG = (62) and CG = (16) were intermediate and lower than white bread IG = (69) and CG = (18), with no difference in postprandial insulin. This demonstrates that this nutritional supplement formulated with stevia and L-carnitine is able to prolong the glycemic response without increasing the insulin requirements in healthy subjects. Specific studies are required in diabetics to validate whether the glycemic impact is lower than the standard product. The presence of other nutrients in the formula, influential in these indicators, does not allow to infer that the results are due only to the type of sweetener used and the L-carnitine.

[VITAMIN D AND ITS RELATION WITH THE ANATOMICAL LOCATION OF HIP FRACTURE IN CHILEAN OLDER ADULTS HOSPITALIZED]. / VITAMINA D Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA UBICACIÓN ANATÓMICA DE LA FRACTURA DE CADERA EN ADULTOS MAYORES CHILENOS HOSPITALIZADOS.

INTRODUCTION: in older adults, deficit of Vitamin D and hip fractures are common. There exists relationships between both conditions, and it have been shown that supplementation of Vitamin D improve prognosis of hip fractures. In the case of Chile, information about relationship between Vitamin D and hip fractures is scarce. OBJECTIVE: quantify plasma levels of vitamin D and relate them to the anatomical location of hip fracture. METHODS: cross-sectional study. 222 Chilean adults ≥60 years, hospitalized for hip fracture between June, 2014 and June, 2015. We use data of medical records about gender, age, seasonality and anatomical location of hip fracture (intra and extracapsular). We measure plasmatic levels of Vitamin D (PLVD) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (MDRD-6). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and non-parametric test were used. For determine relations between PLVD and anatomical location we use linear regression. RESULTS: there was a predominance of women (80.6%). The average age was 80.7 years (SD=7.8). Intracapsular hip fractures were 43.2%. 80% of the sample presents Vitamin D in deficitary levels (n = 180). PLVD average was 13.3 ng/cc (SD=6.7), in subjects with intracapsular fractures were significantly lower (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PLVD in subjects with hip fracture should be monitored, as there are differences according to anatomical location of the fracture. This precedent could favor the treatment and recovery of subjects presenting for the first time hip fracture.

Introducción: en los adultos mayores son frecuentes el deficit de vitamina D y las fracturas de cadera (FC). Existe relacion entre ambas condiciones, demostrandose que la suplementacion de vitamina D mejora el pronostico de las FC. En el caso de Chile, existe escasa informacion sobre la relacion entre vitamina D y FC. Objetivo: cuantificar los niveles plasmaticos de vitamina D (NPVD) y relacionarlos con la ubicacion anatomica de la FC. Métodos: estudio transversal. 222 adultos mayores chilenos ≥60 anos hospitalizados por FC entre junio de 2014 y junio de 2015. Se utilizaron los datos de ficha clinica de genero, edad, estacionalidad y ubicacion anatomica (FIC = intra, FEC = extracapsular) de la FC. Se midio NPVD y velocidad de filtrado glomerular (VFG) (MDRD- 6). Se utilizaron la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y pruebas no parametricas. Para determinar la relacion entre NPVD y el tipo de fractura se uso regresion lineal. Resultados: hubo predominio de mujeres (80,6%), la edad promedio fue 80,7 anos (DE=7,8) y se encontro 43,2% de FIC. Los NPVD promedio fueron 13,3 ng/cc (DE=6,7); los sujetos con FIC tienen 4,52 ng/cc menos de vitamina D que aquellos con FEC (p.

Vitamina D y su relación con la ubicación anatómica de la fractura de cadera en adultos mayores chilenos hospitalizados / Vitamin D and its relation with the anatomical location of hip fracture in Chilean older adults hospitalized

Introducción: en los adultos mayores son frecuentes el déficit de vitamina D y las fracturas de cadera (FC). Existe relación entre ambas condiciones, demostrándose que la suplementación de vitamina D mejora el pronóstico de las FC. En el caso de Chile, existe escasa información sobre la relación entre vitamina D y FC. Objetivo: cuantificar los niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D (NPVD) y relacionarlos con la ubicación anatómica de la FC. Métodos: estudio transversal. 222 adultos mayores chilenos >=60 años hospitalizados por FC entre junio de 2014 y junio de 2015. Se utilizaron los datos de ficha clínica de género, edad, estacionalidad y ubicación anatómica (FIC = intra, FEC = extracapsular) de la FC. Se midió NPVD y velocidad de filtrado glomerular (VFG) (MDRD- 6). Se utilizaron la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y pruebas no paramétricas. Para determinar la relación entre NPVD y el tipo de fractura se usó regresión lineal. Resultados: hubo predominio de mujeres (80,6%), la edad promedio fue 80,7 años (DE=7,8) y se encontró 43,2% de FIC. Los NPVD promedio fueron 13,3 ng/cc (DE=6,7); los sujetos con FIC tienen 4,52 ng/cc menos de vitamina D que aquellos con FEC (p<0,001). El 80% de la muestra tuvo déficit de vitamina D. Conclusiones: los NPVD son generalizadamente deficitarios en los sujetos con FC, y estos valores son menores en los portadores de FIC. Este antecedente podría favorecer el tratamiento y recuperación de los sujetos que presentan por primera vez una FC (AU)

Introduction: in older adults, deficit of Vitamin D and hip fractures are common. There exists relationships between both conditions, and it have been shown that supplementation of Vitamin D improve prognosis of hip fractures. In the case of Chile, information about relationship between Vitamin D and hip fractures is scarce. Objective: quantify plasma levels of vitamin D and relate them to the anatomical location of hip fracture. Methods: cross-sectional study. 222 Chilean adults >=60 years, hospitalized for hip fracture between June, 2014 and June, 2015. We use data of medical records about gender, age, seasonality and anatomical location of hip fracture (intra and extracapsular). We measure plasmatic levels of Vitamin D (PLVD) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (MDRD-6). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and non-parametric test were used. For determine relations between PLVD and anatomical location we use linear regression. Results: there was a predominance of women (80.6%). The average age was 80.7 years (SD=7.8). Intracapsular hip fractures were 43.2%. 80% of the sample presents Vitamin D in deficitary levels (n = 180). PLVD average was 13.3 ng/cc (SD=6.7), in subjects with intracapsular fractures were significantly lower (p<0.001). Conclusions: PLVD in subjects with hip fracture should be monitored, as there are differences according to anatomical location of the fracture. This precedent could favor the treatment and recovery of subjects presenting for the first time hip fracture (AU)

[FREQUENTLY USED VEGETABLE OILS IN SOUTH AMERICA: FEATURES AND PROPERTIES]. / ACEITES VEGETALES DE USO FRECUENTE EN SUDAMÉRICA: CARACTERÍSTICAS Y PROPIEDADES.

In recent decades, the consumption of vegetable oils has increased in our society, being an important part of the diet worldwide. South America is a major producer of an important variety of vegetable oils. The composition of vegetable oils is not standard as it varies greatly in the amount of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and particularly in the amounts of omega-6 and omega-3, which are associated with the source either plant species, seed, plant or fruit, providing different nutritional benefits. The purpose of this article is to review and update the data and evidence about the consumption of oils produced and commercialized in South America, such as soybean oil, corn, palm, sunflower, canola and olive oils, and also to determine health effects from studies related with the topic.

El consumo de aceites vegetales se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas en nuestra sociedad y son parte importante de la dieta en todo el mundo. Sudamérica es un gran productor de diferentes aceites vegetales. La composición de los aceites vegetales no es estándar, ya que varía considerablemente en el aporte de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados, y particularmente en el aporte de ácidos grasos omega-6 y omega-3, asociado a la fuente de origen, ya sea especie vegetal, semilla, planta o fruto, aportando cada uno diferentes beneficios nutricionales. El propósito de este artículo es revisar y actualizar la evidencia sobre el consumo de aceites producidos y comercializados en Sudamérica, como el aceite de soja, maíz, palma, girasol, canola y oliva, así como los efectos en la salud, a partir de estudios relacionados con el tema.

Aceites vegetales de uso frecuente en Sudamérica: características y propiedades / Frequently used vegetable oils in south America: features and properties

El consumo de aceites vegetales se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas en nuestra sociedad y son parte importante de la dieta en todo el mundo. Sudamérica es un gran productor de diferentes aceites vegetales. La composición de los aceites vegetales no es estándar, ya que varía considerablemente en el aporte de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados, y particularmente en el aporte de ácidos grasos omega-6 y omega-3, asociado a la fuente de origen, ya sea especie vegetal, semilla, planta o fruto, aportando cada uno diferentes beneficios nutricionales. El propósito de este artículo es revisar y actualizar la evidencia sobre el consumo de aceites producidos y comercializados en Sudamérica, como el aceite de soja, maíz, palma, girasol, canola y oliva, así como los efectos en la salud, a partir de estudios relacionados con el tema (AU)

In recent decades, the consumption of vegetable oils has increased in our society, being an important part of the diet worldwide. South America is a major producer of an important variety of vegetable oils. The composition of vegetable oils is not standard as it varies greatly in the amount of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and particularly in the amounts of omega-6 and omega-3, which are associated with the source either plant species, seed, plant or fruit, providing different nutritional benefits. The purpose of this article is to review and update the data and evidence about the consumption of oils produced and commercialized in South America, such as soybean oil, corn, palm, sunflower, canola and olive oils, and also to determine health effects from studies related with the topic (AU)

[Soya isoflavones and evidences on cardiovascular protection]. / Isoflavonas de soya y evidencias sobre la protección cardiovascular.

Soya isoflavones represent a group of non-nutritive, bioactive compounds, of non-steroidal phenolic nature that are present in soy bean and derived foods. They share with other compounds the capacity of binding to estrogenic receptors from different cells and tissues so that they may act as phytoestrogens. The current interest in these compounds comes from the knowledge that in Asian populations with high levels of their consumption the prevalence of cancer and cardiovascular disease is lower, as compared to the Western countries populations. This cardiovascular benefit would be the result not only of the modulation of plasma lipids, which is a widely studied mechanism. This paper reviews the published evidence about the beneficial effects of soya isoflavones and the different mechanisms of action that would benefit cardiovascular health and that surpass the mechanisms traditionally approached such as the modulation of plasma lipids, and that implicate the regulation of cellular and enzymatic functions in situations such as inflammation, thrombosis, and atherosclerotic progression.

Las isoflavonas de soya son un grupo de compuestos bioactivos, no nutritivos, de naturaleza fenólica, no esteroidal, encontrados en la soya y alimentos derivados. Comparten con otros compuestos la capacidad de unión a los receptores estrogénicos de distintas células y tejidos, por lo que pueden actuar como fitoestrógenos. El interés actual sobre ellas deriva del reconocimiento de que poblaciones asiáticas con un alto consumo presentan menor prevalencia de cáncer y enfermedades cardiovasculares, en comparación con poblaciones de países occidentales. Este beneficio cardiovascular no estaría dado sólo mediante modulación de los lípidos plasmáticos, mecanismo ampliamente estudiado. En este artículo se revisa la evidencia publicada acerca de los efectos benéficos de las isoflavonas de soya y las distintas vías de acción que beneficiarían la salud cardiovascular, mecanismos que trascienden los tradicionalmente abordados, como la modulación de los lípidos plasmáticos, y que involucran regulación de funciones a nivel celular y enzimático, en eventos como la inflamación, trombosis y progresión aterosclerótica.

Isoflavonas de soya y evidencias sobre la protección cardiovascular / Soya isoflavones and evidences on cardiovascular protection

Las isoflavonas de soya son un grupo de compuestos bioactivos, no nutritivos, de naturaleza fenólica, no esteroidal, encontrados en la soya y alimentos derivados. Comparten con otros compuestos la capacidad de unión a los receptores estrogénicos de distintas células y tejidos, por lo que pueden actuar como fitoestrógenos. El interés actual sobre ellas deriva del reconocimiento de que poblaciones asiáticas con un alto consumo presentan menor prevalencia de cáncer y enfermedades cardiovasculares, en comparación con poblaciones de países occidentales. Este beneficio cardiovascular no estaría dado sólo mediante modulación de los lípidos plasmáticos, mecanismo ampliamente estudiado. En este artículo se revisa la evidencia publicada acerca de los efectos benéficos de las isoflavonas de soya y las distintas vías de acción que beneficiarían la salud cardiovascular, mecanismos que trascienden los tradicionalmente abordados, como la modulación de los lípidos plasmáticos, y que involucran regulación de funciones a nivel celular y enzimático, en eventos como la inflamación, trombosis y progresión aterosclerótica (AU)

Soya isoflavones represent a group of non-nutritive, bioactive compounds, of non-steroidal phenolic nature that are present in soy bean and derived foods. They share with other compounds the capacity of binding to estrogenic receptors from different cells and tissues so that they may act as phytoestrogens. The current interest in these compounds comes from the knowledge that in Asian populations with high levels of their consumption the prevalence of cancer and cardiovascular disease is lower, as compared to the Western countries populations. This cardiovascular benefit would be the result not only of the modulation of plasma lipids, which is a widely studied mechanism. This paper reviews the published evidence about the beneficial effects of soya isoflavones and the different mechanisms of action that would benefit cardiovascular health and that surpass the mechanisms traditionally approached such as the modulation of plasma lipids, and that implicate the regulation of cellular and enzymatic functions in situations such as inflammation, thrombosis, and atherosclerotic progression (AU)

¿El consumo de vitaminas de los alimentos fortificados supera los límites permitidos? estudio realizado en población joven y adulta joven de la región metropolitana de Chile / Do vitamins from foods fortified exceed the allowed limits? Study carried out in population young adolescent andyoung adult of the metropolitan region of Chile

Con el objeto de analizar el consumo usual de vitaminas en una población adolescente y adulta joven de la Región Metropolitana, se identificaron 213 alimentos fortificados con vitaminas del mercado Chileno. Se realizó una encuesta de consumo y se calculó la ingesta de nutrientes. Sobre el resultado se agregó las vitaminas adicionadas a los alimentos. Se evaluó la normalidad de las variables de la ingesta y los datos se sometieron a análisis de estadígrafos descriptivos y se determinaron percentiles. Se estimó los porcentajes de sujetos cuyos valores superan los fijados por DDR y UL para cada vitamina y porcentaje de exceso para cada caso. Se realizó análisis discriminante usando la prueba M de Box. Se estimó la correlación canónica y el estadígrafo de de Wilks. Finalmente se estimó el porcentaje de datos correctamente clasificados. Los datos se procesaron por el programa SPSS 20.0 con un nivel de significación de α < 0,05. Los resultados señalan que para todas las vitaminas estudiadas, el porcentaje de sujetos que más supera el DDR es para el folato total (96,43%) y el menor porcentaje se da para la Vitamina E y B12 en mujeres adultas jóvenes. El porcentaje de sujetos que sobrepasa los valores de UL es máximo para la vitamina B3 (91,96%). Según la correlación canónica, existen diferencias de comportamiento entre los grupos. Se recomienda monitorear el comportamiento y consumo de alimentos fortificados con vitaminas especialmente del complejo B y A (AU)

In order to analyze the usual consumption of vitamins in an adolescent population and young adult in the Metropolitan Region, were 213 food fortified with vitamins of the Chilean market. A survey of consumption and nutrient intake was calculated. The result added vitamins added to food. The normality of the variables of the intake was assessed and data were subjected to analysis of descriptive statisticians and percentiles are determined. Estimated percentages of subjects whose values exceed those fixed for DDR and UL listed for each vitamin and percentage of excess for each case. Discriminant analysis was performed using the M Box test. The correlation canonical and the Statisticians Wilks were estimated. Finally it was estimated the percentage of correctly classified data. Data were processed by the program SPSS 20.0 with a significance level of α < 0.05. The results indicate that you for all the studied vitamins, the percentage of subjects who more than the DDR is for total folate (96.4%) and the lowest percentage is given for the vitamin E and B12 in young adult women. The percentage of subjects who exceed the UL values is greatest for the vitamin B3 (91.9%). According to the canonical correlation, there are differences in behavior between the groups. It is recommended to monitor the behavior and consumption of food fortified with vitamins, especially of the complex B and A (AU)

[Do vitamins from foods fortified exceed the allowed limits? Study carried out in population young adolescent and young adult of the metropolitan region of Chile]. / ¿El consumo de vitaminas de los alimentos fortificados supera los límites permitidos? Estudio realizado en población joven y adulta joven de la región metropolitana de Chile.

In order to analyze the usual consumption of vitamins in an adolescent population and young adult in the Metropolitan Region, were 213 food fortified with vitamins of the Chilean market. A survey of consumption and nutrient intake was calculated. The result added vitamins added to food. The normality of the variables of the intake was assessed and data were subjected to analysis of descriptive statisticians and percentiles are determined. Estimated percentages of subjects whose values exceed those fixed for DDR and UL listed for each vitamin and percentage of excess for each case. Discriminant analysis was performed using the M Box test. The correlation canonical and the Statisticians Wilks were estimated. Finally it was estimated the percentage of correctly classified data. Data were processed by the program SPSS 20.0 with a significance level of α ≤ 0.05. The results indicate that you for all the studied vitamins, the percentage of subjects who more than the DDR is for total folate (96.4%) and the lowest percentage is given for the vitamin E and B12 in young adult women. The percentage of subjects who exceed the UL values is greatest for the vitamin B3 (91.9%). According to the canonical correlation, there are differences in behavior between the groups. It is recommended to monitor the behavior and consumption of food fortified with vitamins, especially of the complex B and A.

Con el objeto de analizar el consumo usual de vitaminas en una población adolescente y adulta joven de la Región Metropolitana, se identificaron 213 alimentos fortificados con vitaminas del mercado Chileno. Se realizó una encuesta de consumo y se calculó la ingesta de nutrientes. Sobre el resultado se agregó las vitaminas adicionadas a los alimentos. Se evaluó la normalidad de las variables de la ingesta y los datos se sometieron a análisis de estadígrafos descriptivos y se determinaron percentiles. Se estimó los porcentajes de sujetos cuyos valores superan los fijados por DDR y UL para cada vitamina y porcentaje de exceso para cada caso. Se realizó análisis discriminante usando la prueba M de Box. Se estimó la correlación canónica y el estadígrafo de de Wilks. Finalmente se estimó el porcentaje de datos correctamente clasificados. Los datos se procesaron por el programa SPSS 20.0 con un nivel de significación de ??=?0,05. Los resultados señalan que para todas las vitaminas estudiadas, el porcentaje de sujetos que más supera el DDR es para el folato total (96,43%) y el menor porcentaje se da para la Vitamina E y B12 en mujeres adultas jóvenes. El porcentaje de sujetos que sobrepasa los valores de UL es máximo para la vitamina B3 (91,96%). Según la correlación canónica, existen diferencias de comportamiento entre los grupos. Se recomienda monitorear el comportamiento y consumo de alimentos fortificados con vitaminas especialmente del complejo B y A.