RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study was designed to determine the clinical significance of preoperative thrombocytosis in patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) undergoing operative cytoreduction (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). CRS and HIPEC have been associated with prolonged survival in patients with MPM and is the preferred treatment in select patients. However, patient selection criteria remain ill-defined for this operation that is also associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Preoperative thrombocytosis has been associated with poor outcomes in various malignancies but never studied in MPM. METHODS: Between January 2006 and December 2015, 100 patients with high-grade epithelioid MPM were evaluated and selected for CRS and HIPEC at our center (M: 53, F: 47; mean age: 54 years [range 17-81 years]). We analyzed various patient and treatment related factors potentially associated with overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The median actuarial overall survival was 32.8 months; the actuarial 1-, 3-, 5-year survivals were 70, 49, and 36%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, suboptimal resection (CCR > 1), high tumor burden (PCI > 20), and elevated preoperative platelet count (>367,000/mm3) were independently associated with shortened OS (P < 0.05). Median OS in patients with elevated versus normal platelet counts were 13 and 58 months, respectively (P < 0.001). Compared with patients with normal platelet counts, patients with elevated counts had significantly greater residual disease after operation (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated preoperative platelet count is independently associated with poor outcome. Notably, thrombocytosis reflects aggressive tumor biology and should be considered a factor in patient selection for CRS and HIPEC.
Asunto(s)
Quimioterapia del Cáncer por Perfusión Regional/mortalidad , Terapia Combinada/mortalidad , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos de Citorreducción/mortalidad , Hipertermia Inducida/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Mesotelioma/mortalidad , Neoplasias Peritoneales/mortalidad , Trombocitosis/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Masculino , Mesotelioma/patología , Mesotelioma/terapia , Mesotelioma Maligno , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Peritoneales/patología , Neoplasias Peritoneales/terapia , Cuidados Preoperatorios , Pronóstico , Tasa de Supervivencia , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Catequina/análogos & derivados , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Neoplasias Cutáneas/genética , Animales , Anticarcinógenos , Catequina/farmacología , Dieta , Epidermis/química , Epigénesis Genética , Humanos , Ratones , Proteínas Nucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Nucleares/fisiología , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 1 , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/fisiología , Proteínas Represoras/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Represoras/fisiología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/prevención & control , Té/químicaRESUMEN
Persistent environmental insult can convert a normal cell into a cancer cell. However, various natural chemopreventive agents called antioxidants can retard this progression. We have recently explored the effects of several chemopreventive agents, including green tea polyphenol and curcumin, on normal human keratinocyte function. Our findings suggest that a bioactive polyphenol from green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), acts to increase involucrin gene expression, suggesting that EGCG treatment enhances normal human keratinocyte differentiation. Mechanistic studies indicate that EGCG alters mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade function to activate involucrin gene transcription via a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, ERK1/2-p38delta cascade that targets AP1 and CAATT enhancer binding protein transcription factors. These findings suggest that EGCG may inhibit disease progression by promoting keratinocyte differentiation. Parallel studies indicate that not all antioxidants produce a similar response. Curcumin, an antioxidant derived from the turmeric, antagonizes the EGCG-dependent response by interfering in this signaling pathway. These studies suggest that different antioxidant may produce antagonistic effects in tissues.
Asunto(s)
Curcumina/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Fenoles/farmacología , Té/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Quimioprevención , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Polifenoles , Precursores de Proteínas/genética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cancer begins with a normal cell that, due to persistent environmental insult, is transformed, via a series of progressively more insidious steps, into a cancer cell. A major goal of chemopreventive therapy is to alter the normal cell response to the environmental agent with the goal of inhibiting disease progression. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an important bioactive green tea antioxidant that possesses remarkable cancer chemopreventive properties. We have recently explored the hypothesis that EGCG prevents cancer by promoting keratinocyte differentiation. Based on our findings, we argue that EGCG acts to enhance the differentiation of normal keratinocytes. This is a potentially important finding, as it represents a novel mechanism of disease inhibition by EGCG--cancer preventive "differentiation therapy". However, not all antioxidant chemopreventive agents work by this mechanism. Curcumin, for example, inhibits the differentiation-promoting activity of EGCG. This report discusses the mechanism of EGCG and curcumin action in regulating expression of involucrin, a marker of keratinocyte differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Anticarcinógenos/farmacología , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Queratinocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Potenciadoras de Unión a CCAAT/metabolismo , Curcumina/farmacología , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Humanos , Queratinocitos/citología , Proteína Quinasa 13 Activada por Mitógenos , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/genética , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Precursores de Proteínas/genética , Precursores de Proteínas/metabolismo , Té/química , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por MitógenosRESUMEN
Antioxidants are important candidate agents for the prevention of disease. However, the possibility that different antioxidants may produce opposing effects in tissues has not been adequately explored. We have reported previously that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol antioxidant, stimulates expression of the keratinocyte differentiation marker, involucrin (hINV), via a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, p38delta signaling cascade (Balasubramanian, S., Efimova, T., and Eckert, R. L. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 1828-1836). We now show that EGCG activation of this pathway results in increased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta) factor level and increased complex formation at the hINV promoter C/EBP DNA binding site. This binding is associated with increased promoter activity. Mutation of the hINV promoter C/EBP binding site eliminates the regulation as does expression of GADD153, a dominant-negative C/EBP factor. In contrast, a second antioxidant, curcumin, inhibits the EGCG-dependent promoter activation. This is associated with inhibition of the EGCG-dependent increase in C/EBP factor level and C/EBP factor binding to the hINV promoter. Curcumin also inhibits the EGCG-dependent increase in endogenous hINV levels. The curcumin-dependent suppression of C/EBP factor level is inhibited by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, suggesting that the proteasome function is required for curcumin action. We conclude that curcumin and EGCG produce opposing effects on involucrin gene expression via regulation of C/EBP factor function. The observation that two antioxidants can produce opposite effects is an important consideration in the context of therapeutic antioxidant use.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Potenciadoras de Unión a CCAAT/metabolismo , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Curcumina/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Quinasa 1 de Quinasa de Quinasa MAP , Fenoles/farmacología , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Precursores de Proteínas/genética , Té , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Sitios de Unión , Catequina/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular , Curcumina/metabolismo , Cisteína Endopeptidasas , ADN/metabolismo , Activación Enzimática , Humanos , Queratinocitos/metabolismo , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 3 , Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa 13 Activada por Mitógenos , Quinasas de Proteína Quinasa Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Complejos Multienzimáticos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Mutación , Polifenoles , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción CHOP , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation is absolutely required for cervical cell proliferation. This suggests that EGFR-inhibitory agents may be of therapeutic value. In the present study, we investigated the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive green tea polyphenol, on EGFR signaling in cervical cells. EGCG inhibits epidermal growth factor-dependent activation of EGFR, and EGFR-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2. EGCG also inhibits EGFR-dependent AKT activity. The EGCG-dependent reduction in ERK and AKT activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of downstream substrates, including p90RSK, FKHR, and BAD. These changes are associated with increased p53, p21(WAF-1), and p27(KIP-1) levels, reduced cyclin E level, and reduced CDK2 kinase activity. Consistent with these findings, flow cytometry and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) staining revealed EGCG-dependent G(1) arrest. Moreover, sustained EGCG treatment caused apoptotic cell death. In addition to inhibiting EGFR, cell-free studies demonstrated that EGCG directly inhibits ERK1/2 and AKT, suggesting that EGCG acts simultaneously at multiple levels to inhibit EGF-dependent signaling. Importantly, the EGCG inhibition is selective, as EGCG does not effect the EGFR-dependent activation of JNK. These results suggest that EGCG acts to selectively inhibit multiple EGF-dependent kinases to inhibit cell proliferation.
Asunto(s)
Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/farmacología , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas , Transducción de Señal , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Apoptosis , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/biosíntesis , División Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ciclina E/metabolismo , Inhibidor p21 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina , Inhibidor p27 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina , Ciclinas/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Activación Enzimática , Femenino , Flavonoides/farmacología , Citometría de Flujo , Proteína Forkhead Box O1 , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead , Células HeLa , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Etiquetado Corte-Fin in Situ , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos , Fenoles/farmacología , Fosforilación , Polifenoles , Pruebas de Precipitina , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Proteínas Quinasas S6 Ribosómicas 90-kDa/metabolismo , Té , Factores de Tiempo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/biosíntesis , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/biosíntesis , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/enzimología , Proteína Letal Asociada a bclRESUMEN
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an important bioactive constituent of green tea that efficiently reduces epidermal cancer cell proliferation. This inhibition is associated with a reduction in activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factor level and activity. However, its effects on AP1 function in normal epidermal cells have not been extensively explored. Our present studies show that EGCG regulates normal keratinocyte function. To understand the mechanism of action, we examined the effects of EGCG on AP1 factor activity, MAPK signal transduction, and expression of the AP1 factor-regulated human involucrin (hINV) gene. EGCG increases hINV promoter activity in a concentration-dependent manner that requires the presence of an intact hINV promoter AP1 factor binding site. This response appears to be physiologic, as endogenous hINV gene expression is also increased. Fra-1, Fra-2, FosB, JunB, JunD, c-Jun, and c-Fos levels are increased by EGCG treatment, as is AP1 factor binding to hINV promoter AP1 site. Gel mobility shift studies show that this complex contains Fra-1 and JunD. Signal transduction analysis indicates that the EGCG response requires Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, and p38 kinases. Kinase assays and inhibitor studies suggest that p38delta is the p38 isoform responsible for the regulation. These changes are also associated with a cessation of cell proliferation and enhanced cornified envelope formation. These studies show that in normal human keratinocytes EGCG markedly increases, via a MAPK signaling mechanism, AP1 factor-associated responses.