Efeito do extrato etanólico bruto e das frações da Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth. ) Harley em brânquias de Oreochromis niloticus L / Effect of the crude ethanol extract and fractions of Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth. ) Harley on the gills of Oreochromis niloticus L

Alguns problemas relacionados à criação intensiva de peixes estão mais evidentes devido ao aumento da aquicultura em todo o mundo, destacando-se os distúrbios nutricionais e o aumento de doenças nos sistemas de produção. Com isso as pesquisas envolvendo produtos derivados de plantas vem ganhando espaço nessa área. A Hyptidendron canum é uma planta utilizada na medicina popular como antimalárica, anti-inflamatória, antiulcerativa e anti-hepatotóxica. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os efeitos celulares e teciduais do extrato etanólico bruto e das frações hexano, clorofórmio e acetato de etila da H. canum nas brânquias de Oreochromis niloticus L. Para isso, o extrato etanólico e as frações foram administrados no peixe através da ração. Após 24 horas da ingestão da ração, os peixes foram sacrificados e o segundo arco branquial de cada um foi processado histologicamente e corado com tricômico de Masson e Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE). Pela análise qualitativa das brânquias ao microscópio de luz, observou-se que o extrato bruto e as três frações promoveram, em diferentes intensidades nas lamelas, descamação e destacamento do epitélio respiratório, alteração da curvatura, desorganização do eixo, hiperplasia celular do tecido epitelial interlamelar e vasodilatação nas lamelas e no vaso central do filamento. Os resultados deste experimento mostraram que o extrato etanólico bruto e as três frações de H. canum promoveram processos inflamatórios e/ou lesões sistêmicas, dose dependente para O. niloticus.

Some problems related to intensive fish farming are more evident because of the increased aquaculture worldwide, and we highlight the nutritional disorders and the increase of diseases in the production systems. Thus, research involving plant-derived products has been increasing in this area. The Hyptidendron canum is a plant used in folk medicine as an antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antihepatotoxic agent. This study proposes to evaluate the cellular and tissue effects of the crude ethanol extract and the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of H. canum on the gills of Oreochromis niloticus L. The ethanol extract and fractions were administered through the feed of the fish. Twenty-four hours later, the fish were sacrificed and their second gill arch dissected. Histological analyses were performed using Masson's trichrome and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The qualitative analysis of the material showed that the crude extract and the three fractions caused varying degrees of peeling and detachment of the lamellar respiratory epithelium, alterations in the curvature and axis of the gill, cell hyperplasia in the interlamellar epithelium and lamellar vasodilation, as well as vasodilation in the central vessel of the filament. The results of this experiment showed that the crude ethanol extract and the three fractions of H. canum promoted inflammation and/or systemic lesions, dose dependent, for O. niloticus.

Determinação de parâmetros farmacognósticos para as folhas de Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hilaire (Erythroxylaceae) coletadas no município de Goiânia, GO. / Determination of pharmacognostic parameters for the leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hilaire (Erythroxylaceae) collected in the city of Goiania, GO

RESUMO As plantas medicinais representam um dos principais recursos terapêuticos utilizado pelo homem para a cura e prevenção de doenças, no entanto, para que o tratamento seja seguro e eficaz é necessário conhecer seus componentes químicos. Dessa forma, o intuito deste trabalho foi determinar os parâmetros farmacognosticos para o estabelecimento do controle de qualidade da droga vegetal composta pelas folhas de Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil., pertencentes à família Erythroxylaceae ocorrente no Cerrado. Para tanto, foram coletadas folhas adultas nas proximidades da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO. Foram determinados o teor de umidade por meio de balança com irradiação de raios infravermelho e o teor de cinzas totais. Na prospecção fitoquímica foram pesquisadas as classes de metabólitos secundários e realizou-se o doseamento de fenóis totais, flavonoides e taninos totais. Os resultados dos testes de pureza realizados, teor de umidade e teor de cinzas totais, estão de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pelas especificações farmacopeicas. As análises fitoquímicas evidenciaram a presença de flavonoides, taninos, cumarinas, saponinas e resinas. No doseamento de fenóis totais, taninos e flavonoides presentes nas folhas de E. suberosum A. St.-Hil. obteve-se respectivamente 17,97%, 6,31%, 3,87%. Estes resultados confirmam os dados da literatura quanto à presença destes compostos em Erythroxylaceae, pois de acordo com nas folhas de E. tortuosum obteve-se valores de 10%, 8,4% e 0,064% de Fenóis, Taninos e flavonoides, respectivamente e nas folhas de E. deciduum foram encontrados 12,04% de fenóis totais, 0,87% de taninos e 1,37% de flavonoides. Os resultados encontrados no presente trabalho também se tornam relevantes quando comparadas as quantidades desses metabólitos com espécies clássicas na biossíntese de compostos fenólicos como o teor de taninos de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville e em Eugenia uniflora L. foi de 29,9% e 2,96%, respectivamente. Teores de flavonóides que variaram entre 0,65% a 0,79% na Calendula officinalis L. e Ginkgo bilobaL. 0,59%, 0,75% e 0,79%. Sendo assim, a quantidade considerável de compostos fenólicos obtida em E. suberosum A. St.-Hil. sugere que a espécie possua um importante potencial terapêutico e quem sabe potencial antioxidante, a ser explorado em estudos posteriores.

ABSTRACT Medicinal plants represent a major therapeutic resources used by man for the cure and prevention of diseases, however, that the treatment be safe and effective it is necessary to know their chemical components. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the pharmacognostic parameters for the establishment of the plant drug quality control made by the leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil., belonging to the family Erythroxylaceae occurring in the Cerrado. To this end, adult leaves were collected near the Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia-GO. It was determined the moisture content through scale radiating infrared rays and the content of total ash. The phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites classes were surveyed and performed the determination of total phenols, flavonoids and total tannins. The results of the purity tests, moisture content and total ash content, are in accordance with the limits established by the pharmacopeic specifications. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, saponins and resins. The determination of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids quantities present in the leaves of E. suberosum A. St.-Hil. were obtained respectively as 17.97%, 6.31%, 3.87%. These results confirm the literature data for the presence of these compounds in Erythroxylaceae, since according to the leaves of E. tortuosum yielded values of 10%, 8.4% and 0.064% of phenols, tannins and flavonoids, respectively. On the E. deciduum leaves were found 12.04% of total phenols, tannins 0.87% and 1.37% of flavonoids. The results of this work also become relevant when comparing the amounts of these metabolites with classic species in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds such as tannins content in barbatimão and pitanga was 29.9% and 2.96%, respectively. Flavonoid contents ranging from 0.65% to 0.79% in calendula and ginkgo 0.59%, 0.75% and 0.79%. Thus, considerable amount of phenolic compounds obtained in E. suberosum. A. St. Hil. It suggests that the species has an important therapeutic potential and who knows antioxidant potential to be explored in further studies.

Modulatory effects of Duguetia furfuracea (A. St. Hil) Benth. and Hook. f. in Drosophila melanogaster somatic and germinative cells.

Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of the medicinal plant Duguetia furfuracea were assessed using SMART/wing and ring-X-loss tests. For the ring-X-loss test, 2- to 3-day-old Drosophila melanogaster ring-X-lineage males and virgin ywsn³ females received D. furfuracea infusion at doses of 0.085, 0.042, or 0.014 g/mL for 24 h. We found that D. furfuracea did not produce any mutagenic effects in D. melanogaster germinative cells. The somatic cells of D. melanogaster were analyzed using the SMART/wing test involving three lineages - mwh, flr³, and ORR - and the same doses of D. furfuracea infusion employed in the ring-X-loss test, as well as 20 mM urethane. The results of both standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses showed absence of mutagenic activity of D. furfuracea. In contrast, in both ST and HB crosses, we observed a modulatory effect of D. furfuracea against the genotoxic activity of urethane.

Modulatory effect of Palicourea coriacea (Rubiaceae) against damage induced by doxorubicin in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

Palicourea coriacea, popularly known as "douradinha", is a medicinal plant from the Brazilian Cerrado region used in folk medicine to treat kidney and urethral stones and kidney inflammation. We evaluated the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and possible antigenotoxic activities of an aqueous extract of P. coriacea on somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster, using the somatic mutation and recombination test. We used third-stage larvae of D. melanogaster from a standard cross and a high bioactivation cross and tested 10 different doses of P. coriacea aqueous extract (5, 15, 25, 35, 50, 65, 80, 95, 110, and 125 mg/mL). Doxorubicin (0.125 mg/mL) was used as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. None of the doses was lethal to the larvae.There was no genotoxic effect at 5, 10, or 15 mg extract/mL. However, a significant decrease in the frequency of spots induced by doxorubicin was observed when administered with P. coriacea aqueous extract at these same doses. We conclude that P. coriacea aqueous extract is not cytotoxic or genotoxic at these doses, but it does protect against the genotoxic action of doxorubicin.

Modulatory effect of Byrsonima verbascifolia (Malpighiaceae) against damage induced by doxorubicin in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

Byrsonima verbascifolia, popularly known in Brazil as murici, is a medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of bacterial and viral infections, Chagas's disease, diarrhea, bronchitis, cough and fever, as well as for protection of the intestinal mucosa. Since chemotherapy and radiotherapy, broadly employed in the treatment of cancer, can have undesirable side effects, such as inducing DNA damage in normal cells, it would be useful to investigate compounds that inhibit or reduce these effects. A lyophilized water extract of murici, used at three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/mL), was tested to determine if it could reduce damage induced by the antineoplastic compound doxorubicin in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster, analyzed by SMART/wing. The frequency of mutant spots in descendants from standard and high bioactivation crosses was significantly reduced by treatment with murici extract. Further studies are needed using other experimental models, to determine if murici has the potential to be employed by cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Caracterização farmacognóstica de folhas de Davilla elliptica St.-Hil. (Dilleniaceae) / Pharmacognostic characterization of the leaves of Davilla elliptica St.-Hil. (Dilleniaceae)

Davilla elliptica St.-Hil. é empregada popularmente no tratamento de hemorróidas, diarréias e ferimentos. O propósito deste trabalho foi realizar o estudo farmacognóstico de folhas de D. elliptica de dois locais do Estado de Goiás. Cortes paradérmicos e transversais foram submetidos a técnicas usuais de microscopia óptica. As folhas de D. elliptica são hipoestomáticas, sendo os estômatos predominantemente paracíticos. Na epiderme observam-se tricomas unicelulares em ambas faces. O mesofilo é isobilateral e apresenta idioblastos cristalíferos. O sistema vascular na nervura principal é constituído por três feixes vasculares, formando uma estrutura circular. No pecíolo o sistema vascular apresenta uma estrutura circular formada, provavelmente, pela união de vários feixes vasculares. O material pulverizado foi submetido a testes de prospecção fitoquímica, de pureza e quantitativo. Foi constatada a presença de taninos, cumarinas, resinas, flavonóides, saponinas, esteróides e triterpenóides. Os teores de cinzas totais foram de 10,32 por cento e 12,26 por cento; os de cinzas insolúveis em ácido, 7,46 por cento e 9,68 por cento; e os de umidade, 9,92 por cento e 9,50 por cento. Os teores de flavonóides totais foram de 1,20 por cento e 1,48 por cento, e os de taninos 9,89 por cento e 13,96 por cento. Devido ao número reduzido de amostras, não é possível afirmar, através deste estudo, que o perfil farmacognóstico de D. elliptica seja influenciado por fatores abióticos.

Davilla elliptica St.-Hil. is popularly used in the treatment of hemorrhoid, diarrhea and wounds. The aim of this work was to characterize pharmacognosticaly two leaves samples of D. elliptica. Paradermal and transversal sections had been submitted the usual techniques of optical microscopy. The leaves of D. elliptica are hypostomatics, and the stomata predominantly paracytic. In both epidermis were observed unicellular non-glandular trichomes. The mesophyll is isolateral and shows idioblasts with crystals in raphide. The vascular system in the midrib is constituted by three vascular bundles, forming a circular structure. The petiole shows a circular structure probably formed by union of many vascular bundles localized in the central region. The powdered plant material was submitted to tests of phytochemical prospection, of purity and quantitative. There had been evidenced the presence of tannins, coumarins, resins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The content of total ashes was of 10,32 percent and 12,26 percent, insoluble in acid of 7,46 percent and 9,68 percent; the humidity of 9,92 percent and 9,50 percent. The flavonoids contents was of 1,20 percent and 1,48 percent; the tannins contents was of 9,89 percent and 13,96 percent. Because of the reduced number of samples, it was not possible to affirm through this study that the pharmacognostic profile de D. elliptica is influenced by abiotics factors.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Solanum lycocarpum fruits.

The croton oil-induced mouse ear oedema test, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, and carrageenan-induced peritonitis were used to study the anti-inflammatory effects of the crude ethanol extract and its alkaloid fraction from Solanum lycocarpum fruits. The alkaloid fraction induced a dose-dependent reduction in ear oedema formation and leukocyte migration, suggesting that S. lycocarpum fruits may contain steroidal alkaloids accounting for the anti-inflammatory effect of the crude ethanol extract.

Estudo farmacognóstico das raízes de Jacaranda decurrens Cham. (carobinha)

Este trabalho estabelece parâmetros farmacognósticos para as raízes de Jacaranda decurrens Cham., Bignoniaceae, conhecida na medicina popular como carobinha. Características morfológicas e histológicas, prospecção fitoquímica, teor de cinzas e de açúcares redutores são descritos. Encontrou-se presença de esteróides/triterpenos, açúcares redutores, amido, mucilagem e saponinas. O teor de cinzas totais foi de 2,21 por cento, e insolúveis em ácido de 0,63 por cento; a umidade, de 6,42 por cento e o teor de açúcares redutores foi de 2,77 por cento.

This work stablishes pharmacognostic parameters to Jacaranda decurrens Cham. roots, Bignoniaceae, known in the folk medicine as carobinha. Morphological and histological characteristics, phytochemical tests, ash and reducing sugars contents are descripted. The results showed steroids/triterpenes, sugars reducers, starch, mucilage and saponinas presence; the tenor of total ashes was of 2,21 percent, and insoluble in acid of 0,63 percent; the humidity of 6,42 percent and the tenor of sugars reducers was of 2,77 percent.

Molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata of Brazilian Cerrado medicinal plants.

Alcoholic extracts of six Brazilian Cerrado medicinal plants were evaluated for their molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of schistosomiasis. Stryphnodendron polyphyllum bark extract, rich in condensed tannins, was the most promising as molluscicide.

Chemical variability in the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens.

The essential oils of Hyptis suaveolens plants collected from 11 localities of the Brazilian Cerrado region were investigated by GC-MS. Sabinene, limonene, biclyclogermacrene, beta-phellandrene and 1,8-cineole were the principal constituents. The results were submitted to principal component and chemometric cluster analysis which allowed three groups of essential oils to be distinguished with respect to the content of p-mentha-2,4(8)-diene, limonene/beta-phellandrene/gamma-terpinene and germacrene D/bicyclogermacrene. In patterns of geographic variation in essential oil composition indicated that the sesquiterpenes are mainly produced in the samples grown at lower latitudes.

Antifungal activity of volatile constituents of Eugenia dysenterica leaf oil.

The essential oil from the hydrodistillation of Eugenia dysenterica leaves consisted mainly of beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene as the major sesquiterpene, while limonene and alpha-thujene were the major monoterpene hydrocarbons. The main oxygenated mono and sesquiterpene constituents were alpha-terpineol and beta-caryophyllene oxide, respectively. The oil was investigated against eight strains of Candida albicans, 35 strains of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, and two C. neoformans var. gattii isolated from HIV-infected individuals with candidosis or cryptococcal meningitis using the agar dilution method. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, the most significant results were obtained against Cryptococcus strains. It was observed that 22 strains were inhibited at a concentration of 250 microg/ml, whereas four exhibited potent inhibition with MIC values below 125 microg/ml against 10(6) UFC/ml organisms. We found MICs > or = 3.12 microg/ml for 91.6, 50 and 30% of all Cryptococcus strains in relation of amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole, respectively.