RESUMEN
The article reports the chemical composition, antioxidant, six key enzymes inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of two solvent extracts (water and methanol) of leaves and stem bark of Uapaca togoensis. For chemical composition, methanol extract of stem bark exhibited significant higher total phenolic (129.86â mg GAE/g) and flavanol (10.44â mg CE/g) contents. Methanol extract of leaves and water extract of stem bark showed high flavonoids (20.94â mg RE/g) and phenolic acid (90.40â mg CAE/g) content, respectively. In addition, HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS analysis revealed that U. togoensis was rich in procyanidins. The methanol and water extracts of stem bark had overall superior antioxidant activity; however, only methanol extract of stem bark showed higher inhibition of cholinesterase (AChE: 2.57â mg GALAE/g; BChE: 4.69â mg GALAE/g), tyrosinase (69.53â mg KAE/g) and elastase (2.73â mmol CE/g). Potent metal chelating ability was showed by water extract of leaves (18.94â mg EDTAE/g), higher inhibition of amylase was detected for water extracts of leaves (0.94â mmol ACAE/g) and stem bark (0.92â mmol ACAE/g). The tested extracts have shown wide-spectrum antibacterial properties and these effects have shown to be more effective against Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium funiculosum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results revealed that the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and antimicrobial activities depended on the extraction solvents and the parts of plant. Bioinformatics analysis on the 17 major compounds showed modulation of pathway associated with cancer. In brief, U. togoensis might be valuable as potential source of natural agents for therapeutic application.
Asunto(s)
Biflavonoides/química , Catequina/química , Biología Computacional/métodos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Magnoliopsida/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Proantocianidinas/química , Amilasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Amilasas/metabolismo , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Biflavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Biflavonoides/metabolismo , Biflavonoides/farmacología , Catequina/aislamiento & purificación , Catequina/metabolismo , Catequina/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Análisis por Conglomerados , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Magnoliopsida/metabolismo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Corteza de la Planta/química , Corteza de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Proantocianidinas/aislamiento & purificación , Proantocianidinas/metabolismo , Proantocianidinas/farmacología , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de ElectrosprayRESUMEN
The methanolic and water extracts of Carapa procera leaves and stem barks were screened for their phytochemical content using a multi-technique approach. The extracts were also assessed for their in vitro antioxidant capacity along with their anti-diabetic (α-amylase, α-glucosidase), anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase and anti-cholinesterase (AChE, BChE) activities. Furthermore, antibacterial and antifungal effects were determined against several bacterial and fungal strains. Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent components (DIABLO) integrative analysis was conducted on collected data to determine the influence of extraction solvents and plant parts on phytochemical content, antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibitory properties of C. procera samples. Additionally, the major identified compounds were screened as modulators of multiple pathways involved in human diseases via Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Results showed that methanolic stem bark extract exhibited the most potent ABTS scavenging, Cu2+ and Fe3+ reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and Fe2+ chelating power and displayed the highest total flavanol content. Methanolic extracts of leaves and stem barks were abounded with phenolics and had the greatest anti-AChE, anti-BChE, anti-tyrosinase and anti-elastase activities. A significant antifungal activity was observed, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal values of 0.07 and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. DIABLO integrative analysis suggested that the phytochemical content and biological activities varied significantly within the plant parts and were influenced by types of solvent used. GO enrichment analysis on the main bioactive compounds showed modulation of multiple pathways associated with cancer. Obtained results demonstrated that stem bark and leaves of C. procera can be considered as promising sources of bioactive molecules with high pharmacological values.
Asunto(s)
Meliaceae , Extractos Vegetales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Cromatografía Liquida , Porcelana Dental , Humanos , Aleaciones de Cerámica y Metal , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , TitanioRESUMEN
Bunium species have been reported to be used both as food and in traditional medicines. The scientific community has attempted to probe into the pharmacological and chemical profiles of this genus. Nonetheless, many species have not been investigated fully to date. In this study, we determined the phenolic components, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activities of aerial parts of four Bunium species (B. sayai, B. pinnatifolium, B. brachyactis and B. macrocarpum). Results showed that B. microcarpum and B. pinnatifolium were strong antioxidants as evidenced in the DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. B. brachyactis was the most effective metal chelator, and displayed high enzyme inhibition against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase, glucosidase, and lipase. The four species showed varied antimicrobial activity against each microorganism. Overall, they showed high activity against P. mirabilis and E. coli (MIC and MBC <1â¯mg mL-1). B. brachyactis was more effective against Aspergillus versicolor compared to the standard drug ketoconazole. B. brachyactis was also more effective than both ketoconazole and bifonazole against Trichoderma viride. B. sayai was more effective than ketoconazole in inhibiting A. fumigatus. B. sayai was most non-toxic to HEK 293 (cellular viabilityâ¯=â¯117%) and HepG2 (cellular viabilityâ¯=â¯104%). The highest level of TPC was observed in B. pinnatifolium (35.94â¯mg GAE g-1) while B. microcarpum possessed the highest TFC (39.21 mg RE g-1). Seventy four compounds were detected in B. microcarpum, 70 in B. brachyactis, 66 in B. sayai, and 51 in B. pinnatifolium. Quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, pantothenic acid, esculin, isoquercitrin, rutin, apigenin, and scopoletin were present in all the four species. This study showed that the four Bunium species are good sources of biologically active compounds with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential.