RESUMEN
Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodidae, canestrini, 1888) is an invasive ectoparasite of cattle which causes high economic losses in emerging countries such as Brazil. Phytochemical compounds have been tested as an alternative to synthetic acaricides due to potentially lower mammalian toxicity. This study evaluated the acaricidal activity against R. microplus of the 2-methoxy-clovan-9-ol rich fraction obtained from Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk.leaves, a little known Myrtaceae species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This fraction was obtained by maceration with methanol, partition with n-hexane and purification by normal-phase column chromatography. GC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR and IR analysis contributed to the identification of a major compound as the sesquiterpene 2-methoxy-clovan-9-ol, reported for the first time for the Myrtaceae family. The fraction was tested against R. microplus unfed larvae and engorged females and a 93% larval mortality was observed at the concentration of 50 mg mL-1. Lower concentrations of the solution tested demonstrated a significant difference in egg mass weight, hatching and control percentage. Experiments with 50.0 mg mL-1 showed significative results, with lower concentration and maximum efficacy for both assays. The IC50 values for unfed larvae and engorged females were 21.76 and 11.13 mg mL-1, respectively. These results were similar to those obtained in other studies with isolated botanical compounds and essential oils. The lower IC50 for engorged females than for unfed R. microplus larvae had also been described for other plant materials, including plants from the same Myrtaceae family. The present result suggested different mechanisms of action of the compound on the reproductive biology of engorged females, improving its effect against egg viability. These results are important for tick control, suggesting that 2-methoxy-clovan-9-ol could be a potential natural acaricidal product against both R. microplus unfed larvae and engorged females.
Asunto(s)
Acaricidas , Eugenia , Ixodidae , Myrtaceae , Rhipicephalus , Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Acaricidas/farmacología , Larva , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , MamíferosRESUMEN
O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a adequação dos nutricosméticos contendo carotenoides em sua formulação em relação aos teores de β-caroteno, luteína, licopeno e zeaxantina, considerando-se as quantidades declaradas pelos fabricantes. Dezenove nutricosméticos foram adquiridos no comércio varejista do município do Rio de Janeiro, em 2012. Duas metodologias de extração foram aplicadas,variando-se de acordo com o tipo de invólucro (cápsula), veículos (excipientes) e carotenoides presentes.A quantificação e determinação do perfil de carotenoides nas amostras foram realizadas por cromatografialíquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com método validado e acreditado. Quatro amostras das 19 analisadas estavam dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelas Boas Práticas de Fabricação (90 a 110 %). As demais amostras revelaram conteúdo inadequado de carotenoides e, consequentemente, falhas no controle de qualidade para a produção dos nutricosméticos. Desta forma, esta pesquisa demonstra que este setor deve ser objeto de atenção especial da vigilância sanitária, com necessidade de estabelecer legislação específica para regulamentar a fabricação, a rotulagem e a propaganda destes produtos.
The present study analyzed the nutricosmetics adequacy referring to the carotenoids contents, such asβ-carotene, lutein, lycopene and zeaxanthin, and these findings were compared with the contents declaredby the manufacturers. Nineteen carotenoids-containing nutricosmetics were purchased at retail marketin Rio de Janeiro city in 2012. Two methodologies of extraction were used according to the type of shell(capsules), carriers (excipients) and carotenoids. Quantification and determination of carotenoids profilewere performed in a High Performed Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) with validated and accreditedmethodology. Of 19 analyzed samples, four were within the limits established by the Good ManufacturingPractice specification (90 to 110 %), and the others were out of this range, revealing an inadequacy inthe carotenoids contents and failures in the quality control of nutricosmetics production. This studydemonstrated that the nutricosmetics production sector should receive a special attention from the healthsurveillance, and it needs a specific legislation to regulate the manufacture, labeling and advertising ofthese products.