Is Systemic Chemotherapy Useful in Patients Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) for Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases? A Propensity-Score Analysis.

PURPOSE: Multimodal treatment of colorectal (CRC) peritoneal metastases (PM) includes systemic chemotherapy (SC) and surgical cytoreduction (CRS), eventually with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), in select patients. Considering lack of clear guidelines, this study was designed to analyze the role of chemotherapy and its timing in patients treated with CRS-HIPEC. METHODS: Data from 13 Italian centers with PM expertise were collected by a collaborative group of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology (SICO). Clinicopathological variables, SC use, and timing of administration were correlated with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and local (peritoneal) DFS (LDFS) after propensity-score (PS) weighting to reduce confounding factors. RESULTS: A total of 367 patients treated with CRS-HIPEC were included in the propensity-score weighting. Of the total patients, 19.9% did not receive chemotherapy within 6 months of surgery, 32.4% received chemotherapy before surgery (pregroup), 28.9% after (post), and 18.8% received both pre- and post-CRS-HIPEC treatment (peri). SC was preferentially administered to younger (p = 0.02) and node-positive (p = 0.010) patients. Preoperative SC is associated with increased rate of major complications (26.9 vs. 11.3%, p = 0.0009). After PS weighting, there were no differences in OS, DFS, or LDFS (p = 0.56, 0.50, and 0.17) between chemotherapy-treated and untreated patients. Considering SC timing, the post CRS-HIPEC group had a longer DFS and LDFS than the pre-group (median DFS 15.4 vs. 9.8 m, p = 0.003; median LDFS 26.3 vs. 15.8 m, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CRC-PM treated with CRS-HIPEC, systemic chemotherapy was not associated with overall survival benefit. The adjuvant schedule was related to prolonged disease-free intervals. Additional, randomized studies are required to clarify the role and timing of systemic chemotherapy in this patient subset.

Microsatellite and RAS/RAF Mutational Status as Prognostic Factors in Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC).

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) leads to prolonged survival for selected patients with colorectal (CRC) peritoneal metastases (PM). This study aimed to analyze the prognostic role of micro-satellite (MS) status and RAS/RAF mutations for patients treated with CRS. METHODS: Data were collected from 13 Italian centers with PM expertise within a collaborative group of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology. Clinical and pathologic variables and KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutational and MS status were correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: The study enrolled 437 patients treated with CRS-HIPEC. The median OS was 42.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 33.4-51.2 months], and the median DFS was 13.6 months (95% CI, 12.3-14.9 months). The local (peritoneal) DFS was 20.5 months (95% CI, 16.4-24.6 months). In addition to the known clinical factors, KRAS mutations (p = 0.005), BRAF mutations (p = 0.01), and MS status (p = 0.04) were related to survival. The KRAS- and BRAF-mutated patients had a shorter survival than the wild-type (WT) patients (5-year OS, 29.4% and 26.8% vs 51.5%, respectively). The patients with micro-satellite instability (MSI) had a longer survival than the patients with micro-satellite stability (MSS) (5-year OS, 58.3% vs 36.7%). The MSI/WT patients had the best prognosis. The MSS/WT and MSI/mutated patients had similar survivals, whereas the MSS/mutated patients showed the worst prognosis (5-year OS, 70.6%, 48.1%, 23.4%; p = 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, OS was related to the Peritoneal Cancer Index [hazard ratio (HR), 1.05 per point], completeness of cytoreduction (CC) score (HR, 2.8), N status (HR, 1.6), signet-ring (HR, 2.4), MSI/WT (HR, 0.5), and MSS/WT-MSI/mutation (HR, 0.4). Similar results were obtained for DFS. CONCLUSION: For patients affected by CRC-PM who are eligible for CRS, clinical and pathologic criteria need to be integrated with molecular features (KRAS/BRAF mutation). Micro-satellite status should be strongly considered because MSI confers a survival advantage over MSS, even for mutated patients.

Looking for a strategy in treating peritoneal gastric cancer carcinomatosis: an Italian multicenter Gastric Cancer Research group's analysis.

BACKGROUND: The present study provides a snapshot of Italian patients with peritoneal metastasis from gastric cancer treated by surgery in Italian centers belonging to the Italian Research Group on Gastric Cancer. Prognostic factors affecting survival in such cohort of patients were evaluated with the final aim to identify patients who may benefit from radical intent surgery. METHODS: It is a multicentric retrospective study based on a prospectively collected database including demographics, clinical, surgical, pathological, and follow-up data of patients with gastric cancer and synchronous macroscopic peritoneal metastases. Patients were surgically treated from January 2005 to January 2017. We focused on patients with macroscopic peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) treated with upfront surgery in order to provide homogeneous evidences. RESULTS: Our results show that patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis cannot be considered all lost. Strictly selected cases (R0/R1 and P1 patients) could benefit from an aggressive surgical approach performing an extended lymphadenectomy and HIPEC treatment. CONCLUSION: The main result of the study is that GC patients with limited peritoneal involvement can have a survival benefit from a surgery with "radical oncological intent", that means extended lymphadenectomy and R0 resection. The retrospective nature of this study is an important bias, and for this reason, we have started a prospective multicentric study including Italian stage IV patients that hopefully will give us more answers.

Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer with Synchronous Peritoneal Metastases: Multicenter Study of 'Italian Peritoneal Surface Malignancies Oncoteam-S.I.C.O.'

BACKGROUND: The development of multimodality treatment, including cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), has led to promising results in selected patients with peritoneal disease of gastric origin. The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term outcomes of CRS/HIPEC in the treatment of synchronous peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. METHODS: The Italian Peritoneal Surface Malignancies Oncoteam-S.I.C.O. retrospective registry included patients with synchronous peritoneal malignancy from gastric cancer submitted to gastrectomy with CRS and HIPEC between 2005 and 2018 from 11 high-volume, specialized centers. RESULTS: A total of 91 patients with a median age of 58 years (range 26-75) were enrolled. The median overall survival (OS) time for the whole group of patients was 20.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.8-28.5] and the median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 7.3 months (95% CI 4-10.6). The completeness of cytoreduction score (CCS) of 0 and Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) score of ≤ 6 groups showed a significantly better long-term survival (median OS 40.7 and 44.3 months, respectively) compared with the incomplete resected groups (median OS 10.7 months, p = 0.003) and PCI score of > 6 group (median OS 13.4 months, p = 0.005). A significant difference was observed in the survival rate according to neoadjuvant treatment (untreated patients: 10.7 months, 95% CI 5.1-16.2; treated patients: 35.3 months, 95% CI 2.8-67.8; p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: In referral centers, CRS and HIPEC after neoadjuvant treatment significantly improved survival in selected patients. Patients with a PCI score ≤ 6, complete cytoreduction, negative nodal involvements, and negative cytology had encouraging results, showing a clinically meaningful survival.

Genetic and Pharmacological Dissection of the Role of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) in Intestinal Inflammation and Immune Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Background: The DNAX adaptor protein 12 (DAP12) is a transmembrane adaptor molecule that signals through the activation of Syk (Spleen Tyrosine Kinase) in myeloid cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of DAP12 and Syk pathways in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Methods: DAP12 deficient and DAP12 transgenic, overexpressing an increased amount of DAP12, mice and Syk deficient mice in the C57/BL6 background were used for these studies. Colitis was induced by administering mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), in drinking water, or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), by intrarectal enema. Results: Abundant expression of DAP12 and Syk was detected in colon samples obtained from Crohn's disease patients with expression restricted to immune cells infiltrating the colonic wall. In rodents development of DSS colitis as measured by assessing severity of wasting diseases, global colitis score,and macroscopic and histology scores was robustly attenuated in DAP12-/- and Syk-/- mice. In contrast, DAP12 overexpression resulted in a striking exacerbation of colon damage caused by DSS. Induction of colon expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to DSS administration was attenuated in DAP12-/- and Syk-/- mice, whereas opposite results were observed in DAP12 transgenic mice. Treating wild-type mice with a DAP-12 inhibitor or a Syk inhibitor caused a robust attenuation of colitis induced by DSS and TNBS. Conclusions: DAP12 and Syk are essential mediators in inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in murine colitides. Because DAP12 and Syk expression is upregulated in patients with active disease, present findings suggest a beneficial role for DAP12 and Syk inhibitors in IBD.

Analysis of operative morbidity in a single center initial experience with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal carcinomatosis has been traditionally considered a rapidly lethal disease and consequently managed by merely palliative options. In the last decade, the clinical interest in the condition has increased because encouraging results have been reported in association with a new treatment strategy that combines cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Relatively high rates of severe complications are generally associated to this complex procedure. Our aim was to analyze treatment-related morbidity in our institutional initial experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since October 2006, 36 hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy plus cytoreductive surgery procedures have been carried out in our Department. Patients treated showed abdominal malignancies and ovarian cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Only 9 patients were treated with prophylactic treatment for gastric cancer at high risk to develop peritoneal carcinomatosis. RESULTS: In 27 patients, a macroscopically complete cytoreduction was done. The overall morbidity was 75%. Grades IV and V represented only 11.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Rigorous preoperative workup and strict selection criteria allowed a successful safe start of a new program of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in a general surgery unit.

Preliminary results of prophylactic HIPEC in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of locally advanced Gastric Cancer following surgical therapy alone is poor. Peritoneum represents a preferential site of dissemination in such neoplasm. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has been used in association with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) in the treatment of GC peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Aim of our preliminary experience is reporting our data on prophylactic HIPEC (P-HIPEC) in patients with GC at high risk of developing PC. METHODS: Eleven patients underwent P-HIPEC at our General and Emergency Surgery Department. All the patients were affected of high risk GC: serosa invasive tumors (T4), conventional cytology-positive or quantitative PCR detection of CEA mRNA on peritoneal lavage. Seven subtotal and four total gastrectomies with D2 or D2+ were performed. All the anastomoses were made before HIPEC. The procedure was carried out for 60 minutes with Mytomicin C and Cisplatin in all patients. Post-operative monitoring in Intensive Care Unit least for 24-48 hours. Oral nutrition was started precociously (day 5) also according with bowel movements and stool/gas passage. Follow-up took place in all patients at 1 month from surgery then every 6 months for 2 years and every 12 months for the following years. RESULTS: In four patients a neoadjuvant treatment was scheduled due to T or N stage at pre-operative evaluation. Gastric resection was guided on tumor location while the choice of performing a D2 or D2 + lymphadenectomy was up to preoperative imaging and intra-operative nodal status. No intra-operative complications were recorded. Median operation time was 398 minutes. In our series we recorded 20 adverse events. Median number for each patient was 1 adverse effect (range 0-2). Eight patients experienced a surgical adverse effect (G2-G3) that did not require any surgical treatment. Only one patient with duodenal stump dehiscence and intra-abdominal sepsis (G4-G5) underwent re-operation and died for severe hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Another patient died for ARDS. Per-operative mortality was 18%. Both patients were older then 70 years old. Median hospital stay was 14 days. Median follow-up was 15.9 months. Median survival was 29.6 months and median DFS was 20 months. Only one patient developed a peritoneal recurrence at 12 months and died for disease progression. Seven patients are still alive and disease free at last follow-up. One patient affected of variable immunodeficiency died at 9 months for pulmonary sepsis without any sign of local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal dissemination appears to be a strong determinant in defining GC patients prognosis. Even after curative resection, peritoneal recurrence develops in about 60% of the patients with T3 and T4 tumors, and up to 40% of resected gastric cancer patients die as a direct result of peritoneal dissemination. Clinical trials showed that surgery plus HIPEC was associated with a significant improvement in survival compared to surgery alone in patients affected of GC with resectable PC. At present day there are not studies evaluating the role of P-HIPEC in patients at high risk of developing PC. The rationale of P-HIPEC is based on the concept that positive peritoneal lavage is considered an M1 (stage IV) similarly to macroscopic PC by the 7th TNM classification. Also analogous is the median survival of this 2 groups of patients. Detection of peritoneal micrometastases with cytologic examination has been considered a major method to predict peritoneal recurrences; the sensitivity of this assay is low. Recently, molecular approaches using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique has made possible the increase in the sensitivity. We can conclude, although the preliminary experience, that prophylactic HIPEC in locally advanced gastric cancer is feasible, increasing median survival compared to surgery alone. For sure this procedure need to be performed in the highly specialized centres strongly respecting the eligibility criteria.

Malignant ascites: pathophysiology and treatment.

Malignant ascites (MA) accompanies a variety of abdominal and extra-abdominal tumors. It is a primary cause of morbidity and raises several treatment challenges. MA has several symptoms, producing a significant reduction in the patient's quality of life: loss of proteins and electrolyte disorders cause diffuse oedema, while the accumulation of abdominal fluid facilitates sepsis. Treatment options include a multitude of different procedures with limited efficacy and some degree of risk. A Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library review of medical, interventional and surgical treatments of MA has been performed. Medical therapy, primarily paracentesis and diuretics, are first-line treatments in managing MA. Paracentesis is widely adopted but it is associated with significant patient discomfort and several risks. Diuretic therapy is effective at the very beginning of the disease but efficacy declines with tumor progression. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radioisotopes are promising medical options but their clinical application is not yet completely elucidated, and further investigations and trials are necessary. Peritoneal-venous shunts are rarely used due to high rates of early mortality and complications. Laparoscopy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have been proposed as palliative therapy. Literature on the use of laparoscopic HIPEC in MA includes only reports with small numbers of patients, all showing successful control of ascites. To date, none of the different options has been subjected to evidence-based clinical trials and there are no accepted guidelines for the management of MA.

Gene expression changes induced by HIPEC in a murine model of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal carcinogenesis (PC) is the most frequent pattern of metastasis in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Despite this, there is a consensus on the use of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the treatment of PC from gastric cancer. The molecular mechanisms involved in beneficial effects of HIPEC remain unexplored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human gastric cancer MKN45 cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity of immune-deficient NOD-SCID mice. After induction of PC, the animals were randomized into five groups: HIPEC with mitomycin and cisplatin; normothermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (NIPEC); normothermic intraperitoneal saline; hyperthermic intraperitoneal saline alone; no treatment. After 10 days of treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the extent of PC was assessed. RESULTS: Compared with the other groups of treatment, HIPEC reduced the extent and severity of peritoneal dissemination as measured by assessing the total number of peritoneal and mesenteric nodules (p<0,05) and the HIPEC procedure increased median survival significantly. By gene array analysis, HIPEC was found to effectively modulate the expression of a subset of genes involved in formation of peritoneal metastasis, including adenomatous polyposis coli; beta (3) subunit of the integrin gene; chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 receptor; spleen tyrosine kinase; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3; collagen, type IV, alpha 2 and Carbossi-terminal binding proteins 1. CONCLUSION: In the present study we have provided evidence that HIPEC protects against peritoneal dissemination in a mouse model of peritoneal gastric carcinogenesis and brings about specific changes in gene expression wich may be related to this protection.

Successful palliation of malignant ascites from peritoneal mesothelioma by laparoscopic intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy.

A variety of options have been proposed to treat malignant ascites but most of them have failed to reach a significant impact in terms of palliation. Laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (LHIPEC) could represent a good therapeutic tool for patients in whom medical therapies have failed and peritoneovenous shunting is contraindicated. Here we present a case of a 49-year-old woman with malignant ascites secondary to peritoneal spreading of a right pleural mesothelioma. After failure of medical therapy, the patient underwent LHIPEC with Cisplatin 25 mg/m/L and Doxorubicin 7 mg/m/L. A dramatic reduction of ascites was documented in the postoperative period and the patient experienced complete abdominal symptom relief. Ascites did not recur during a follow-up period of 6 months. LHIPEC could be a good therapeutic option to palliate malignant ascites from mesothelioma in cases not eligible for a radical treatment. Further studies are needed to standardize dosage and perfusion parameters.