Comparison of the effect of photobiomodulation therapy and Ibuprofen on postoperative pain after endodontic treatment: randomized, controlled, clinical study.

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of Ibuprofen and the application of photobiomodulation therapy protocol on the reduction of postoperative pain in endodontically treated teeth using a randomized clinical trial design. Seventy patients, diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, were selected. Treatment was performed by a single operator; a reciprocal system was used to prepare the canals; they were obturated using the Tagger's hybrid technique and coronally sealed with glass-ionomer cement. After treatment, patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. In the active control group, two Ibuprofen 600 mg tablets were administered within a 12-h interval. In the photobiomodulation therapy group, the irradiation was applied after treatment. The evaluation of postoperative pain was performed by another researcher blinded to the groups at 6, 12, 24, and 72 h intervals after treatment. To measure the outcome, two pain scales were used: numerical rate scale (NRS) and verbal rate scale (VRS). Data were analyzed using the chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon paired tests. Outcome was superior with photobiomodulation therapy at 6 h (p < 0.001), 12 h (p = 0.005), and 24 h (p < 0.001) intervals compared with Ibuprofen. The results for the 72 h (p = 0.317) interval were similar, both in the VRS and NRS scales. It may be concluded that the use of photobiomodulation therapy was effective in reducing pain within the first 24 h when compared with the administration of Ibuprofen 600 mg.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on postoperative pain after endodontic treatment: a randomized, controlled, clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective, randomized, clinical study was to assess the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) with low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on postoperative pain after endodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients, diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis in lower molar teeth, participated in the study. All treatments were performed by a single operator. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: in the experimental group (EG), endodontic treatment was performed with a reciprocating system, immediately followed by PBM with LLLI; and only endodontic treatment was performed in the control group (CG). Postoperative pain was assessed by a second examiner, who was blinded, using two scales: verbal rating scale (VRS) and numerical rating scale (NRS). Assessment was carried out at 6, 12, and 24 h after treatment. Data were analyzed using chi-squared, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney tests, ordinal, and non-parametric regression analyses. RESULTS: For the prevalence of pain, the difference between the groups was significant for the evaluations performed after 6 h (p = 0.04) and 24 h (p = 0.02). The difference after 24 h remained significant after stratification by sex and extrusion of filling material. Increased pain intensity was associated with extrusion of root canal filling material to the periapical region in the two scales used. CONCLUSION: The effect of PBM therapy after endodontic treatment showed a significant decreasein prevalence of postoperative pain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The PBM reduces the prevalence of postoperative pain and may benefit patients who need endodontic treatment.

Effect of LLLT on autogenous bone grafts in the repair of critical size defects in the calvaria of immunosuppressed rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the bone repair of critical size defects (CSDs) filled with autogenous bone in the calvaria of immunosuppressed rats. A 5 mm-diameter CSD was created in the calvaria of 30 rats. The animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 6): Control (C)--the defect was filled with a blood clot; Dexamethasone (D)--dexamethasone treatment, and the defect was filled with a blood clot; Autogenous bone (AB)--dexamethasone treatment, and the defect was filled with autogenous bone; LLLT--dexamethasone treatment, and the defect received LLLT (660 nm; 35 mW; 24.7 J/cm(2)); and AB + LLLT--dexamethasone treatment, and the defect was filled with autogenous bone and received LLLT. All animals were euthanized at 30 postoperative days. Histometric and histological analyses were performed. The new bone area (NBA) was calculated as the percentage of the total area of the original defect. Data were analysed statistically (an analysis of variance and Tukey's test; P < 0.05). The AB + LLLT group showed the largest NBA of all groups (P < 0.05). The use of LLLT with AB effectively stimulated bone formation in CSDs in the calvaria of immunosuppressed rats.

Adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic treatment of experimentally induced periodontitis in rats with ovariectomy.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) for the treatment of experimentally induced periodontitis in rats with ovariectomy (OVX) that are or are not treated with estrogen replacement. METHODS: A total of 270 female rats were divided into three groups: 1) normal rats; 2) rats with OVX; and 3) rats with OVX with estrogen replacement. Periodontal disease was induced through the introduction of a cotton thread around the mandibular left first molar. After 7 days, the ligature was removed, and the rats were randomly divided into the following treatment groups: 1) SRP plus saline solution; 2) SRP plus low-level laser therapy (LLLT); and 3) SRP plus toluidine blue O irrigation followed by LLLT. Ten rats from each group were euthanized at days 7, 15, and 30 after dental treatment. Bone loss (BL) in the furcation region was evaluated using histometric and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: aPDT treatment resulted in reduced BL compared with SRP treatment at all time points. Additionally, rats treated with aPDT exhibited reduced numbers of tartrate-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive cells and more proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in all treatment groups regardless of estrogen status. Whereas rats treated with aPDT showed weak immunoreactivity to the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand at day 7 post-treatment, strong osteoprotegerin immunoreactivity was observed at day 15 post-treatment. CONCLUSION: aPDT is an effective adjunctive therapy for the treatment of periodontitis in rats with OVX that are or are not given estrogen replacement therapy.

Efeitos do laser e da terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento periodontal mecânico em ratas ovariectomizadas e sob influência sistêmica de nicotina: estudo histomorfométrico e imunoistoquímico / Effects of laser and photodynamic antimicrobial therapy in mechanical periodontal treatment in ovariectomized rats and under the influence of nicotine systemic: histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry

Este estudo avaliou histomorfometricamente, imunoistoquimicamente e pela reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa em tempo real (qRT-PCR) os efeitos da Terapia com Laser em Baixa Intensidade (LLLT) e da Terapia Fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) adjuvantes ao tratamento mecânico da periodontite experimental (PE) em ratas com deficiência de estrógeno e sob influência sistêmica da nicotina. Foram utilizadas 360 ratas, divididas em 4 grupos: Grupo A (SH-vei) normais, Grupo B (SH-nic) - normais tratadas com nicotina, Grupo C (OVX-vei) - ovariectomizadas e Grupo D (OVX-nic) - ovariectomizadas tratadas com nicotina. A administração de nicotina foi iniciada nos animais do Grupo B (SH-nic) e Grupo D (OVX-nic) 30 dias antes da indução da PE. Os animais dos Grupos OVX-vei e OVX-nic foram submetidos à ovariectomia (OVX) bilateral 21 dias antes da PE realizada por adaptação de fio de algodão ao redor dos primeiros molares inferiores direitos e esquerdos. Após 7 dias, a ligadura foi removida e os animais subdivididos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos locais realizados nos molares inferiores direitos e esquerdos: RAR – Raspagem e alisamento radicular e irrigação com soro fisiológico; LLLT - RAR e irrigação com soro fisiológico associada à LLLT; aPDT- irrigação com azul de toluidina-O (TBO) e após 1 minuto, irradiação com laser em baixa intensidade. Foram eutanasiados 10 animais de cada subgrupo, aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após o tratamento local. A perda óssea (PO) na furca foi avaliada por meio de análises histomorfométrica e imunoistoquímica. A expressão gênica das citocinas TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-6 foram avaliadas pela qRT-PCR. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (α = 5%). Os animais do Grupo OVX-nic apresentaram maior PO comparativamente ao grupo SH-vei (p<0,05). O tratamento local com aPDT reduziu a PO, diminuiu a expressão de RANKL e o número células TRAP-positivas e aumentou a expressão de OPG e o número de células PCNA-positivas. Os animais...

This study evaluated histomorphometrically, immunohistochemically and by polymerase chain reaction via real-time reverse transcriptase (qRT-PCR) the effects of Laser Therapy in Low Intensity (LLLT) and antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) adjuncts to mechanical treatment of periodontitis experimental (PE) in rats with estrogen deficiency and under the influence of systemic nicotine. It was used 360 rats divided into 4 groups: Group SH-veh: sham treated with saline (vehicle); Group SH-nic: sham treated with nicotine; Group OVX-veh: ovariectomized treated with saline (vehicle) and Group OVX-nic: ovariectomized treated with nicotine. Nicotine was administered to groups SH-nic and OVX-nic 30 days before the induction of PE. The animals in Groups OVX-veh and OVX-nic underwent ovariectomy (OVX) bilaterally 21 days before PE performed by adaptation of cotton thread around the first molars right and left. After 7 days, the ligature was removed and the animals divided according to the following local treatments performed in the right and left molars: RAR - Scaling and root planing and irrigation with saline; LLLT - RAR and irrigation with saline associated with LLLT; aPDT - irrigation with toluidine blue O (TBO) and after 1 minute irradiation with LLLT. Ten animals were euthanized of each group at 7, 15 and 30 days after treatment site. Bone loss (BL) in the furcation was evaluated by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyzes. The gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by qRT-PCR. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (α = 5%). The animals of the OVX-nic group showed higher BL group compared with SH-vei (p <0,05). Local treatment with aPDT showed BL reduced, decreased expression of RANKL and the number of TRAP-positive cells and increased the expression of OPG and the number of PCNA-positive cells. aPDT-treated animals showed reduced expression of TNF-α (7 days), IL-1β (7 and 30) and IL-6 (7 days) compared to the RAR inside SH-veh…

Efeitos do laser e da terapia fotodinâmica no tratamento periodontal mecânico em ratas ovariectomizadas e sob influência sistêmica de nicotina: estudo histomorfométrico e imunoistoquímico / Effects of laser and photodynamic antimicrobial therapy in mechanical periodontal treatment in ovariectomized rats and under the influence of nicotine systemic: histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry

Este estudo avaliou histomorfometricamente, imunoistoquimicamente e pela reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa em tempo real (qRT-PCR) os efeitos da Terapia com Laser em Baixa Intensidade (LLLT) e da Terapia Fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) adjuvantes ao tratamento mecânico da periodontite experimental (PE) em ratas com deficiência de estrógeno e sob influência sistêmica da nicotina. Foram utilizadas 360 ratas, divididas em 4 grupos: Grupo A (SH-vei) normais, Grupo B (SH-nic) - normais tratadas com nicotina, Grupo C (OVX-vei) - ovariectomizadas e Grupo D (OVX-nic) - ovariectomizadas tratadas com nicotina. A administração de nicotina foi iniciada nos animais do Grupo B (SH-nic) e Grupo D (OVX-nic) 30 dias antes da indução da PE. Os animais dos Grupos OVX-vei e OVX-nic foram submetidos à ovariectomia (OVX) bilateral 21 dias antes da PE realizada por adaptação de fio de algodão ao redor dos primeiros molares inferiores direitos e esquerdos. Após 7 dias, a ligadura foi removida e os animais subdivididos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos locais realizados nos molares inferiores direitos e esquerdos: RAR – Raspagem e alisamento radicular e irrigação com soro fisiológico; LLLT - RAR e irrigação com soro fisiológico associada à LLLT; aPDT- irrigação com azul de toluidina-O (TBO) e após 1 minuto, irradiação com laser em baixa intensidade. Foram eutanasiados 10 animais de cada subgrupo, aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após o tratamento local. A perda óssea (PO) na furca foi avaliada por meio de análises histomorfométrica e imunoistoquímica. A expressão gênica das citocinas TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-6 foram avaliadas pela qRT-PCR. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (α = 5%). Os animais do Grupo OVX-nic apresentaram maior PO comparativamente ao grupo SH-vei (p<0,05). O tratamento local com aPDT reduziu a PO, diminuiu a expressão de RANKL e o número células TRAP-positivas e aumentou a expressão de OPG e o número de células PCNA-positivas. Os animais...

This study evaluated histomorphometrically, immunohistochemically and by polymerase chain reaction via real-time reverse transcriptase (qRT-PCR) the effects of Laser Therapy in Low Intensity (LLLT) and antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) adjuncts to mechanical treatment of periodontitis experimental (PE) in rats with estrogen deficiency and under the influence of systemic nicotine. It was used 360 rats divided into 4 groups: Group SH-veh: sham treated with saline (vehicle); Group SH-nic: sham treated with nicotine; Group OVX-veh: ovariectomized treated with saline (vehicle) and Group OVX-nic: ovariectomized treated with nicotine. Nicotine was administered to groups SH-nic and OVX-nic 30 days before the induction of PE. The animals in Groups OVX-veh and OVX-nic underwent ovariectomy (OVX) bilaterally 21 days before PE performed by adaptation of cotton thread around the first molars right and left. After 7 days, the ligature was removed and the animals divided according to the following local treatments performed in the right and left molars: RAR - Scaling and root planing and irrigation with saline; LLLT - RAR and irrigation with saline associated with LLLT; aPDT - irrigation with toluidine blue O (TBO) and after 1 minute irradiation with LLLT. Ten animals were euthanized of each group at 7, 15 and 30 days after treatment site. Bone loss (BL) in the furcation was evaluated by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyzes. The gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by qRT-PCR. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (α = 5%). The animals of the OVX-nic group showed higher BL group compared with SH-vei (p <0,05). Local treatment with aPDT showed BL reduced, decreased expression of RANKL and the number of TRAP-positive cells and increased the expression of OPG and the number of PCNA-positive cells. aPDT-treated animals showed reduced expression of TNF-α (7 days), IL-1β (7 and 30) and IL-6 (7 days) compared to the RAR inside SH-veh…

Efeito da aPDT na osseointegração de implantes em alvéolos contaminados / Effect of aPDT in the osseointegration of implants in contaminated dental sockets

Objetivo: Avaliar por meio de análises histométrica e imuno-histoquímica os efeitos da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) no tratamento alveolar prévio à colocação de implantes, em alvéolos de dentes de ratos portadores ou não de doença periodontal induzida. Material e método: Trinta e dois ratos foram utilizados no estudo. A doença periodontal foi induzida nos primeiros molares inferiores esquerdos. Decorridos sete dias, foi realizada a remoção da ligadura e a exodontia dos primeiros molares inferiores direitos e esquerdos. A seguir, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos de 16 animais, de acordo com os tratamentos realizados nos alvéolos dentais antes da instalação do implante imediato: DM-debridamento mecânico (DM), irrigação com 1 mL de soro fisiológico seguida de instalação do implante; aPDT-DM, irrigação com 1 mL de azul de toluidina O (TBO) e, após 1 minuto, irradiação com laser em baixa intensidade (LLLT). Oito animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados aos 15 e 30 dias. Os espécimes foram processados laboratorialmente para análises histométrica do contato osso-implante (BIC) e imuno-histoquímica. Os dados histométricos foram estatisticamente analisados (Teste Kruskall-Wallis e Dunn p < 0,05). Resultado: Na análise dos tratamentos, os resultados demonstraram que houve maior BIC nos implantes instalados em alvéolos não contaminados tratados com aPDT (p < 0,05) e maior imunorreatividade à OPG no tecido ósseo tratado com aPDT. Conclusão: A aPDT mostrou-se efetiva no controle da perda óssea em áreas não contaminadas e aumentou a atividade metabólica e a atividade das células ósseas nos alvéolos irradiados previamente à instalação dos implantes.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate by histometric and immunohistochemistry analysis the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in alveolar prior to placement of mini-implants in animals with or without induced periodontal disease. Material and method: Thirty-two rats were used. Periodontal disease (PD) was induced by ligature in the lower left first molar. After 7 days of PD evolution, it was performed removal of the ligature and extraction of the left lower first molars in all animals. Thus, animals were divided into 2 groups (n = 16) according to the treatments in the dental alveolus before immediate implant installation: MD (control) : mechanical debridement (MD), irrigation with 1 mL of saline solution followed by implant installation; aPDT-MD, irrigation with 1 mL of Toluidine Blue-O and low intensity laser (LLLT) and implant installation. Eight animals from each group were euthanized at 15 and 30 days after the installation of mini-implants. Specimens were processed for histologic, immunohistochemical and histometric analysis. The histometric data were processed for statistical analysis (Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn test; p < 0.05). Result: In treatment analysis, results indicated thatthere was a greater BIC in implants installed in uncontaminated alveolus treated with a PDT ( p < 0.05) and greater imuno-reactivity to OPG in bone issue treated with aPDT. Conclusion: The aPDT proved to be effective in bone loss control in no contaminated area and it has increased the bone loss and metabolic activity in alveolus irradiated prior to implant installation.