Supplementation with EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids improves peripheral immune cell mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in subjects with obesity.

Omega-3 fatty acids (w-3 FA) have anti-inflammatory effects and improve mitochondrial function. Nonetheless, little is known about their effect on mitochondrial bioenergetics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in individuals with obesity. Thus, this study aimed to determine the mitochondrial bioenergetics status and cell subset composition of PBMCs during obesity, before and after 1 month supplementation with w-3 FA. We performed a case-control study with twelve women with normal BMI (lean group) and 19 with grade 2 obesity (obese group), followed by a before-after prospective study where twelve subjects with obesity received a 1 month intervention with 5.25 g of w-3 FA (3.5 g eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and 1.75 g docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids), and obtained PBMCs from all participants. Mitochondrial bioenergetic markers, including basal and ATP-production associated respiration, proton leak, and nonmitochondrial respiration, were higher in PBMCs from the obese group vs. the lean group. The bioenergetic health index (BHI), a marker of mitochondrial function, was lower in the obese vs. the lean group. In addition, Th1, Th2, Th17, CD4+ Tregs, CD8+ Tregs, and Bregs, M1 monocytes and pDCreg cells were higher in PBMCs from the obese group vs. the lean group. The w-3 FA intervention improved mitochondrial function, mainly by decreasing nonmitochondrial respiration and increasing the reserve respiratory capacity and BHI. The intervention also reduced circulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory lymphocyte and monocytes subsets in individuals with obesity. The mitochondrial dysfunction of PBMCs and the higher proportion of peripheral pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cells in subjects with obesity, improved with 1 month supplementation with EPA and DHA.

Differential effects of high dose omega-3 fatty acids on metabolism and inflammation in patients with obesity: eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation.

Background: Obesity is complicated by low-grade chronic inflammation characterised by increases in inflammatory proteins and cells in peripheral blood. It has been known that omega-3 fatty acids (FA) like eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) could modulate the inflammatory process and improve metabolic markers. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of high-dose omega-3 FA on metabolic and inflammatory markers among patients with obesity and healthy volunteers. Methods: This prospective study included 12 women with obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35.0 kg/m2) and 12 healthy women (BMI < 24.0 kg/m2) who were supplemented with a dose of 4.8 g/day (3.2 g EPA plus 1.6 g DHA) for 3 months followed by no treatment for 1 month. Plasma metabolic and inflammatory markers and levels of mRNA transcripts of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets were determined monthly. Results: None of the participants exhibited changes in weight or body composition after study completion. EPA and DHA supplementation improved metabolic (insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR], triglyceride [TG]/ high-density lipoprotein [HDL] ratio, TG, and arachidonic acid [AA]/EPA ratio) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, the levels of mRNA transcripts of T CD4+ lymphocyte subsets (TBX21, IFNG, GATA-3, interleukin [IL]-4, FOXP3, IL-10 IL-6, and TNF-α), were down-regulated during the intervention phase. After 1 month without supplementation, only insulin, HOMA-IR and the mRNA transcripts remained low, whereas all other markers returned to their levels before supplementation. Conclusion: Supplementation with high-dose omega-3 FAs could modulate metabolism and inflammation in patients with obesity without weight loss or changes in body composition. However, these modulatory effects were ephemeral and with clear differential effects: short-duration on metabolism and long-lasting on inflammation.

Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin on 5/6Nx Hypertriglyceridemia: Association with the Improvement of Renal Mitochondrial ß-Oxidation and Lipid Metabolism in Kidney and Liver.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence is constantly increasing, and dyslipidemia in this disease is characteristic, favoring cardiovascular events. However, the mechanisms of CKD dyslipidemia are not fully understood. The use of curcumin (CUR) in CKD models such as 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) has shown multiple beneficial effects, so it has been proposed to correct dyslipidemia without side effects. This work aimed to characterize CUR's potential therapeutic effect on dyslipidemia and alterations in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial ß-oxidation in the liver and kidney in 5/6Nx. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 5/6Nx and progressed by 4 weeks; meanwhile, CUR (120 mg/kg) was administered for weeks 5 to 8. Our results showed that CUR reversed the increase in liver and kidney damage and hypertriglyceridemia induced by 5/6Nx. CUR also reversed mitochondrial membrane depolarization and ß-oxidation disorders in the kidney and the increased lipid uptake and the high levels of proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis in the liver and kidney. CUR also decreased lipogenesis and increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers in the liver. Therefore, we concluded that the therapeutic effect of curcumin on 5/6Nx hypertriglyceridemia is associated with the restoration of renal mitochondrial ß-oxidation and the reduction in lipid synthesis and uptake in the kidneys and liver.

Plants Used in Mexican Traditional Medicine for the Management of Urolithiasis: A Review of Preclinical Evidence, Bioactive Compounds, and Molecular Mechanisms.

Urolithiasis (UL) involves the formation of stones in different parts of the urinary tract. UL is a health problem, and its prevalence has increased considerably in developing countries. Several regions use plants in traditional medicine as an alternative in the treatment or prevention of UL. Mexico has known about the role of traditional medicine in the management of urinary stones. Mexican traditional medicine uses plants such as Argemone mexicana L., Berberis trifoliata Hartw. ex Lindl., Costus mexicanus Liebm, Chenopodium album L., Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg., Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring, and Taraxacum officinale L. These plants contain different bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins, furanochromones, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which could be effective in preventing the process of stone formation. Evidence suggests that their beneficial effects might be associated with litholytic, antispasmodic, and diuretic activities, as well as an inhibitory effect on crystallization, nucleation, and aggregation of crystals. The molecular mechanisms involving these effects could be related to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Thus, the review aims to summarize the preclinical evidence, bioactive compounds, and molecular mechanisms of the plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the management of UL.

Antibiotic Treatment Reduces the Health Benefits of Soy Protein.

SCOPE: Soy protein is a high-quality protein and its consumption has been associated with a reduction of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and an improvement in insulin resistance. However, it is not known whether the effects of soy protein are mediated by the gut microbiota. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess whether using antibiotics to partially eradicate the gut microbiota can prevent the beneficial effects of soy protein in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thus, rats are fed one of the following diets for 16 weeks: casein control, soy protein control, high-fat casein, and high-fat soy protein. The rats are then treated for 4 weeks with antibiotics. Body weight and composition, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance test, metabolic endotoxemia, and gut microbiota are measured before and after treatment with antibiotic. The results show that soy protein consumption decreases weight gain, body fat, metabolic endotoxemia, and increases energy expenditure and glucose tolerance. Antibiotic treatment suppresses all these metabolic effects. These changes are accompanied by modifying the diversity and taxonomy of the gut microbiota. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the evidence suggests that the health benefits of soy protein are partly dependent of the gut microbiota.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Suplemented Diet and its preventive effect on tumor growth in nude mice / Dieta suplementada en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 y su efecto preventivo sobre el crecimiento tumoral en ratones

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide according to the WHO. Strong evidence suggests that food and nutrition are important in modification of cancer process. There is increased evidence that specific dietary patterns or constituents such as n-3 PUFAs, may be associated with reduced risk of BC. Female athymic nude mice were fed since weaning to adulthood with a DHA+EPA (4%w/w) diet or with standard diet during 14-week. At week- 7, tumor cell implantation with MDA-MB-231cell line took place, each mice received 5x106 tumor cells. When tumors became palpable, maximum length, width, and diameters were measured twice a week. Incidence of tumor development was observed in all mice (n=4, 100%) in the control diet group; instead, the n-3 PUFAs diet group, only two mice developed tumor (n=2, 50%), and the development time was longer compared to the control group. These differences were significant (p < 0.001). This study establish the potential effect as a preventive measure to BC. This evidence is consentient with epidemiological data about high n-3 PUFAs diet patterns in some populations may lower risk of BC, highlighting the importance of these components in our diet since childhood to promote the preventive effect. Being thus necessary, setting up recommendations for n-3 PUFAs supplementation from fish oil or, for a minimal dietary fatty fish intake/week, in order to attempt modulate carcinogenesis in populations at high risk, particularly those with a high prevalence of obesity

El cáncer es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo según la OMS. Una fuerte evidencia sugiere que la alimentación y la nutrición son importantes en la modificación de proceso de cáncer. Existe una alta evidencia de que patrones dietéticos específicos constituidos por AGPI n-3, pueden estar asociados con riesgo reducido de BC. Ratones atímicos desnudos femeninos fueron alimentados desde el destete hasta la etapa adulta con una dieta con DHA + EPA (4% p / p) o con una dieta estándar durante 14 semanas. En la semana 7, tuvo lugar la implantación de células tumorales de la línea celular MDA-MB-231 y cada ratón recibió 5x106 células tumorales. Cuando los tumores se hicieron palpables, y de longitud, ancho y diámetros máximos, se midieron dos veces por semana. La incidencia del desarrollo tumoral se observó en todos los ratones (n = 4, 100%) en el grupo de la dieta control ; en cambio, en el grupo de dieta de AGPI n-3, solo dos ratones desarrollaron un tumor (n = 2, 50%), y el tiempo de desarrollo fue más largo en comparación con el grupo de control. Estas diferencias fueron significativas (p <0.001). Este estudio establece el efecto potencial como una medida preventiva para BC. Esta evidencia se corrobora con datos epidemiológicos sobre patrones dietéticos altos en AGPI n-3 que en algunas poblaciones puede disminuir el riesgo de BC, destacando la importancia de estos componentes en nuestra dieta desde la infancia para promover el efecto preventivo. Siendo así necesario, establecer recomendaciones para la suplementación con AGPI n-3 del aceite de pescado o, para una ingesta dietética mínima de pescado / semana para intentar modular la carcinogénesis en poblaciones de alto riesgo, particularmente aquellos con una alta prevalencia de obesidad

Nutrition and Atherosclerosis.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a universal problem in modern society. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of CVD resulting in high rate of mortality in the population. Nutrition science has focused on the role of essential nutrients in preventing deficiencies, at the present time, the nutritional strategies are crucial to promote health and intervene with these global noncommunicable diseases. In many cases, diet is a major driving force, which is much easier to change and follow than other factors. It is important to establish that the first strategy to treat atherosclerosis is to modify lifestyle habits, focusing on the beneficial properties of specific nutrients. In the last decades, epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that diet plays a central role in the prevention of atherosclerosis. In this review we will focus on the effect of specific foods, nutrients and bioactive compounds, including epidemiological facts, potential mechanisms of action and dietary recommendations to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. In particular, we include information about fiber, plant sterols and stanols, niacin, taurine, olive oil, omega 3 fatty acids, antioxidants, minerals, methyl nutrients and soy. In addition, we also show that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota associated with a consumption of certain animal food sources can generate some metabolites that are involved in the development of atherosclerosis and its consequences on CVD. According to the epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies we suggest a recommendation for some dietary foods, nutrients and bioactive compounds to support the complementary clinical management of patients with atherosclerosis.

Review of complementary feeding practices in Mexican children / Revisión de las prácticas de alimentación complementaria en niños mexicanos

Background: The early introduction of food is consistent with a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly in children, partly because of the resulting changes in feeding patterns. The purpose of this study was to describe the complementary feeding practices of Mexican children younger than two years of age. Methods: Medline, Lilacs and manual methods were used to search for studies that assessed feeding practices in children younger than two years of age in Mexico. The following terms were used: complementary feeding, supplementary feeding, Mexico and weaning. Data on complementary feeding practices, including the age of nitiation, the type of foods eaten, the frequency of food intake and the reasons for starting complementary feeding, were collected. The information gathered was subjected to qualitative analysis, and the data are presented as proportions in the tables. Results: The seven studies included in this evaluation revealed that children were introduced to complementary feeding before the age of 6 months. Although fruits were the foods most commonly provided when complementary feeding began, processed juices, soft drinks and fried snacks were also offered. The intake of these products increased as the children grew older and coincided with a low intake of foods containing high-biological value protein, particularly red meats. Conclusions: The results of the included studies showed that during complementary feeding, infants receive high-energy density foods, whereas the intake of foods that provide animal protein and iron in particular is low. In addition, common conditions associated with complementary feeding include overweight, obesity, malnutrition, and anemia, which may contribute to health problems (AU)

Antecedentes: El inicio de la alimentación complementaria temprana coincide con un aumento significativo en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad especialmente en los niños, lo cual se debe entre otras causas a los cambios en los patrones de alimentación que se han experimentado. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las prácticas de alimentación complementaria en niños mexicanos. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de los estudios que evaluaron las prácticas alimentarias en menores de 2 años en México en Medline, Lilacs y de forma manual con los siguientes términos: alimentación complementaria, alimentación suplementaria, México, ablactación y destete. Se recabó la edad de inicio de la alimentación complementaria, tipo de alimento consumido, frecuencia de consumo de los alimentos y motivo por el que iniciaban la alimentación complementaria. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo de la información recolectada y los datos en las gráficas son mostrados como proporciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 7 estudios que mostraron que los niños inician la alimentación complementaria antes de los 6 meses predominantemente con frutas, aunque también consumieron jugos industrializados, refrescos y frituras. El consumo de estos productos aumenta con el crecimiento de los niños, aunado a un bajo consumo de alimentos con proteína de alto valor biológico, especialmente las carnes rojas. Conclusiones: Los resultados de los estudios incluidos mostraron que los menores reciben alimentos con alta densidad energética, mientras que es bajo el consumo de aquellos que aportan proteína animal y hierro en particular, lo que puede contribuir a problemas de salud como sobrepeso, obesidad, desnutrición y anemia (AU)

Review of complementary feeding practices in Mexican children.

BACKGROUND: The early introduction of food is consistent with a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly in children, partly because of the resulting changes in feeding patterns. The purpose of this study was to describe the complementary feeding practices of Mexican children younger than two years of age. METHODS: Medline, Lilacs and manual methods were used to search for studies that assessed feeding practices in children younger than two years of age in Mexico. The following terms were used: complementary feeding, supplementary feeding, Mexico and weaning. Data on complementary feeding practices, including the age of initiation, the type of foods eaten, the frequency of food intake and the reasons for starting complementary feeding, were collected. The information gathered was subjected to qualitative analysis, and the data are presented as proportions in the tables. RESULTS: The seven studies included in this evaluation revealed that children were introduced to complementary feeding before the age of 6 months. Although fruits were the foods most commonly provided when complementary feeding began, processed juices, soft drinks and fried snacks were also offered. The intake of these products increased as the children grew older and coincided with a low intake of foods containing high-biological value protein, particularly red meats. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the included studies showed that during complementary feeding, infants receive high-energy density foods, whereas the intake of foods that provide animal protein and iron in particular is low. In addition, common conditions associated with complementary feeding include overweight, obesity, malnutrition, and anemia, which may contribute to health problems.

Antecedentes: El inicio de la alimentación complementaria temprana coincide con un aumento significativo en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad especialmente en los niños, lo cual se debe entre otras causas a los cambios en los patrones de alimentación que se han experimentado. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las prácticas de alimentación complementaria en niños mexicanos. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de los estudios que evaluaron las prácticas alimentarias en menores de 2 años en México en Medline, Lilacs y de forma manual con los siguientes términos: alimentación complementaria, alimentación suplementaria, México, ablactación y destete. Se recabó la edad de inicio de la alimentación complementaria, tipo de alimento consumido, frecuencia de consumo de los alimentos y motivo por el que iniciaban la alimentación complementaria. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo de la información recolectada y los datos en las gráficas son mostrados como proporciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 7 estudios que mostraron que los niños inician la alimentación complementaria antes de los 6 meses predominantemente con frutas, aunque también consumieron jugos industrializados, refrescos y frituras. El consumo de estos productos aumenta con el crecimiento de los niños, aunado a un bajo consumo de alimentos con proteína de alto valor biológico, especialmente las carnes rojas. Conclusiones: Los resultados de los estudios incluidos mostraron que los menores reciben alimentos con alta densidad energética, mientras que es bajo el consumo de aquellos que aportan proteína animal y hierro en particular, lo que puede contribuir a problemas de salud como sobrepeso, obesidad, desnutrición y anemia.

Effect of a GFOD2 variant on responses in total and LDL cholesterol in Mexican subjects with hypercholesterolemia after soy protein and soluble fiber supplementation.

BACKGROUND: Although dietary treatments can successfully reduce blood lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects, individual variation in that response has on occasion been linked to allelic differences. SNP rs12449157 has shown association with HDL-C concentrations in GWAS and falls in the glucose-fructose oxidoreductase domain containing 2 (GFOD2) locus. Of interest, previous data suggest that this SNP may be under environmentally driven selection. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess if rs12449157 may mediate the response of lipid traits to a dietary supplementation (DS) with soy protein and soluble fiber in a Mexican population with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: Forty-one subjects with hypercholesterolemia were given a low saturated fat diet (LSFD) for 1 month, followed by a LSFD+DS that included 25 g of soy protein and 15 g of soluble fiber (S/SF) daily for 2 months. Anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and dietary variables were determined. We analyzed the gene-diet interaction between the GFOD2 genotype, with the minor allele frequency of 0.24, and the DS on total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C concentrations. RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic subjects with GFOD2 rs12449157 G allele had higher serum TC and LDL-C at the baseline and showed a greater response to the LSCD+S/SF (-83.9 and -57.5mg/dl, respectively) than those with GFOD2 AA genotype (-40.1 and -21.8 mg/dl, respectively) (P=0.006 for TC, 0.025 for LDL-C, respectively). CONCLUSION: The observed differences in allele-driven, diet-induced changes in blood lipids may be the result of a recent environmentally driven selection on the rs12449157 minor allele. Variation in the GFOD2 gene contributes to the genetic basis for a differential response to a cholesterol- or lipid-lowering diet.

Reduction of serum lipids by soy protein and soluble fiber is not associated with the ABCG5/G8, apolipoprotein E, and apolipoprotein A1 polymorphisms in a group of hyperlipidemic Mexican subjects.

Several studies have evaluated the effect of soy protein or soluble fiber on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects, with different results. We hypothesized that this response is associated with the presence of polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism or reverse cholesterol transport. Thus, the aims of the present work were to study the effectiveness of a dietary portfolio consisting of a combination of soy protein and soluble fiber integrated in a low saturated fat (LSF) diet on blood lipids in a Mexican group with hyperlipidemia and to determine the association between responsiveness to the diet and the frequency of apolipoprotein (Apo) E and ApoA1 and ABCG5/8 polymorphisms. Forty-three hyperlipidemic subjects (20 men and 23 women) were given an LSF diet for 1 month, followed by an LSF diet that included 25 g of soy protein and 15 g of soluble fiber daily for 2 months. After the 3-month dietary intervention, serum total cholesterol (TC) significantly decreased by 20.6%, and serum triglycerides (TGs) decreased by 40.4%. Fifty-one percent of the subjects had a reduction more than 20% in serum TC, and 77% of the subjects had a reduction more than 20% in serum TG (hyperresponders). Approximately 14% of the hypercholesterolemic subjects had the ABCG8 (52 G/C) polymorphism, 65% had the ABCG5 (1950 C/G and G/G) polymorphism, 53.5% had the ApoA1 (-75 G/A and A/A) polymorphism, and 23.3% had the ApoE (3/4) polymorphism. Independently of genotype, the combination of cholesterol-lowering foods in an LSF diet significantly reduced serum TC and TG in Mexican hypercholesterolemic subjects.