Tetraarsenic hexoxide demonstrates anticancer activity at least in part through suppression of NF-κB activity in SW620 human colon cancer cells.

Tetraarsenic hexoxide (As4O6) has been used in Korean traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer since the late 1980's, and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is currently used as a chemotherapeutic agent. Previous studies suggest that the As4O6-induced cell death pathway is different from that of As2O3 and its mechanism of anticancer activity remains unclear. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a well-known transcription factor involved in cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Hence, in the present study, we investigated the effects of As4O6 on NF-κB activity and NF-κB-regulated gene expression in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that As4O6 inhibited the growth of SW620 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was ~1 µM after a 48 h treatment. As4O6 suppressed NF-κB activation and suppressed inhibitory κBα (IκBα) phosphorylation stimulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). As4O6 also suppressed downstream NF-κB-regulated proteins involved in cancer anti-apoptosis, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. In addition, As4O6 marginally suppressed tumor growth and the anti-NF-κB activity was confirmed using an in vivo xenograft mouse model in which animals were injected with SW620 cells. The present study provides evidence that As4O6 has anticancer properties through suppression of NF-κB activity and NF-κB-mediated cellular responses.

Arsenic hexoxide enhances TNF-α-induced anticancer effects by inhibiting NF-κB activity at a safe dose in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

Arsenic hexoxide (As4O6) has been used in Korean folk remedy for the treatment of cancer since the late 1980s. Evidence suggests that the anticancer effects of As4O6 are different from those of As2O3. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is generally increased in advanced cancer and is closely related to cancer progression, although it has cancer-killing effects. The reason is that TNF-α activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that is involved in cell proliferation, invasion, drug resistance and metastasis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of As4O6 on NF-κB activity, NF-κB-mediated cellular responses, and NF-κB-regulated gene expressions involved in metastasis at the concentrations of As4O6 where no cytotoxicity was observed. As4O6 suppressed NF-κB activation in both TNF-α-treated and control cells, and also suppressed IκB phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner, suggesting the suppression of NF-κB results, in part, from the inhibition of IκB degradation. We also confirmed the anti-NF-κB activity of As4O6 with synergism with TNF-α by augmenting caspase-8 activation. As4O6 also suppressed NF-κB activation induced by TNF-α, and some of the downstream NF-κB-regulated proteins involved in cancer proliferation, anti-apoptosis and metastasis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that As4O6 has anticancer properties by inhibiting NF-κB activation and NF-κB-regulated proteins at least in part through the inhibition of IκB phosphorylation, especially in the conditions of advanced cancer where TNF-α is highly secreted.