Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Ferrous Sulfate to Treat Insomnia in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia and low iron stores are common in children with autism spectrum disorders, and low iron stores have been associated with sleep disturbance. METHODS: We performed a randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral ferrous sulfate to treat insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders and low normal ferritin levels. Twenty participants who met inclusion criteria and whose insomnia did not respond to sleep education were randomized to 3 mg/kg/day of ferrous sulfate (n = 9) or placebo (n = 11) for three months. RESULTS: Iron supplementation was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported. Iron supplementation improved iron status (+18.4 ng/mL active versus -1.6 ng/mL placebo, P = 0.044) but did not significantly improve the primary outcome measures of sleep onset latency (-11.0 minutes versus placebo, 95% confidence interval -28.4 to 6.4 minutes, P = 0.22) and wake time after sleep onset (-7.7 minutes versus placebo, 95% confidence interval -22.1 to 6.6 min, P = 0.29) as measured by actigraphy. Iron supplementation was associated with improvement in the overall severity score from the Sleep Clinical Global Impression Scale (-1.5 points versus placebo, P = 0.047). Changes in measures of daytime behavior did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: This trial demonstrated no improvement in primary outcome measures of insomnia in subjects treated with ferrous sulfate compared with placebo. Interpretation was limited by low enrollment.

Comparative meta-analysis of prazosin and imagery rehearsal therapy for nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and posttraumatic stress.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: In this meta-analysis, we compare the short-term efficacy of prazosin vs. IRT on nightmares, sleep quality, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). METHODS: Reference databases were searched for randomized controlled trials using IRT or prazosin for nightmares, sleep disturbance, and/or PTSS. Effect sizes were calculated by subtracting the mean posttest score in the control group from the mean posttest score in the treatment group, and dividing the result by the pooled standard deviation of both groups. Mixed effects models were performed to evaluate effects of treatment characteristics, as well as sample characteristics (veteran vs. civilian) on treatment efficacy. RESULTS: Four studies used prazosin, 10 used IRT alone or in combination with another psychological treatment, and 1 included a group receiving prazosin and another group receiving IRT. Overall effect sizes of both treatments were of moderate magnitude for nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and PTSS (p < 0.01). Effect size was not significantly different with type of treatment (psychological vs. pharmacological) on nightmare frequency (p = 0.79), sleep quality (p = 0.65), or PTSS, (p = 0.52). IRT combined with CBT for insomnia showed more improvement in sleep quality compared to prazosin (p = 0.03), IRT alone (p = 0.03), or IRT combined with another psychological intervention, (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Although IRT interventions and prazosin yield comparable acute effects for the treatment of nightmares, adding CBT for insomnia to IRT seems to enhance treatment outcomes pertaining to sleep quality and PTSS. More randomized clinical trials with long-term follow-up are warranted. COMMENTARY: A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 9.

Treatment alternatives for sleep-disordered breathing in the pediatric population.

UNLABELLED: PURPOSE FOR REVIEW: Childhood sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with a myriad of health problems that underscore the need for early diagnosis and treatment. Children with SDB present with behavior problems, deficits of general intelligence, learning and memory deficits, evidence of brain neuronal injury, increased cardiovascular risk, and poor quality of life. Children are in a rapid state of cognitive development; therefore, alterations of health and brain function associated with SDB could permanently alter a child's social and economic potential, especially if the disorder is not recognized early in life or is treated inadequately. RECENT FINDINGS: There is evidence that the majority of the problems associated with SDB improve with treatment. Treatment strategies are now being aimed at mechanisms underlying the disorder. There are multiple treatment options available to children; some are novel, with pending treatments on the horizon that may replace age-old therapies such as adenotonsillectomy or nasal positive pressure. SUMMARY: It is imperative that healthcare workers actively seek out signs and symptoms of SDB in patients to improve early detection and treatment for prevention of long-term morbidity.