[Clostridium difficile Infection: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Therapy and Prevention]. / Clostridium-difficile-Infektionen: Epidemiologie, Klinik, Therapieoptionen und Prävention.

Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are common causes of diarrhoea in hospitalised medical and surgical patients. Clinical presentation ranges from mild diarrhoea to pseudomembraneous enterocolitis of the colon and sometimes the small intestines, with development of a toxic megacolon. Recurrent infections are common. Early diagnosis is necessary because of high rates of complications and mortality. Knowledge of risk factors for the development of CDI is recommended. Early initiation of therapy is recommended to avoid complications and standard therapy is antibiotics, while therapy with monoclonal antibodies and vaccination is under research and development. Fulminant septic courses indicate surgical source control. Minimally invasive surgical therapy establishing a loop ileostomy and antibiotic installation via enema has to be considered as early surgical intervention. Fecal microbiotic transplantation is a new therapeutic option for recurrent infection. Provisions for prevention and control have to be established to avoid in-hospital spread of pathogenic agents. This includes isolation of patients, personalisation of instruments, restriction of in-hospital transports, protective clothing and gloves, strict hand washing and antibiotic stewardship (ABS).

Complicated fecal microbiota transplantation in a tetraplegic patient with severe Clostridium difficile infection.

A 65-year-old male suffering from acute spinal cord injury leading to incomplete tetraplegia presented with severe recurrent Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection subsequent to antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. After a history of ineffective antimicrobial therapies, including metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin, rifaximin and tigecycline, leading to several relapses, the patient underwent colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation from his healthy son. Four days subsequent to the procedure, the patient showed a systemic inflammation response syndrome. Without detecting an infectious cause, the patient received antimicrobial treatment, including tigecycline, metronidazole, vancomycin via polyethylene glycol and an additional enema for a period of seven days, leading to a prompt recovery and no reported C. difficile infection relapse during a 12 wk follow up.