RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Tea, the second largest consumer beverage in the world after water, is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. However, the effect of environmental factors on the distribution of wild tea plants is unclear. RESULTS: A total of 159 wild tea plants were collected from different altitudes and geological types of the Guizhou Plateau. Using the genotyping-by-sequencing method, 98,241 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. Genetic diversity, population structure analysis, principal component analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and linkage disequilibrium were performed. The genetic diversity of the wild tea plant population from the Silicate Rock Classes of Camellia gymnogyna was higher than that from the Carbonate Rock Classes of Camellia tachangensis. In addition, the genetic diversity of wild tea plants from the second altitude gradient was significantly higher than that of wild tea plants from the third and first altitude gradients. Two inferred pure groups (GP01 and GP02) and one inferred admixture group (GP03) were identified by population structure analysis and were verified by principal component and phylogenetic analyses. The highest differentiation coefficients were determined for GP01 vs. GP02, while the lowest differentiation coefficients were determined for GP01 vs. GP03. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the genetic diversity and geographical distribution characteristics of wild tea plants in the Guizhou Plateau. There are significant differences in genetic diversity and evolutionary direction between Camellia tachangensis with Carbonate Rock Classes at the first altitude gradient and Camellia gymnogyna with Silicate Rock Classes at the third altitude gradient. Geological environment, soil mineral element content, soil pH, and altitude markedly contributed to the genetic differentiation between Camellia tachangensis and Camellia gymnogyna.
Asunto(s)
Camellia sinensis , Camellia , Filogenia , Camellia sinensis/genética , Camellia sinensis/química , Camellia/genética , Té , Variación GenéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Studying the genetic characteristics of tea plant (Camellia spp.) leaf traits is essential for improving yield and quality through breeding and selection. Guizhou Plateau, an important part of the original center of tea plants, has rich genetic resources. However, few studies have explored the associations between tea plant leaf traits and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in Guizhou. RESULTS: In this study, we used the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method to identify 100,829 SNP markers from 338 accessions of tea germplasm in Guizhou Plateau, a region with rich genetic resources. We assessed population structure based on high-quality SNPs, constructed phylogenetic relationships, and performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Four inferred pure groups (G-I, G-II, G-III, and G-IV) and one inferred admixture group (G-V), were identified by a population structure analysis, and verified by principal component analyses and phylogenetic analyses. Through GWAS, we identified six candidate genes associated with four leaf traits, including mature leaf size, texture, color and shape. Specifically, two candidate genes, located on chromosomes 1 and 9, were significantly associated with mature leaf size, while two genes, located on chromosomes 8 and 11, were significantly associated with mature leaf texture. Additionally, two candidate genes, located on chromosomes 1 and 2 were identified as being associated with mature leaf color and mature leaf shape, respectively. We verified the expression level of two candidate genes was verified using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and designed a derived cleaved amplified polymorphism (dCAPS) marker that co-segregated with mature leaf size, which could be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding in Camellia sinensis. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, by using GWAS approaches with the 338 tea accessions population in Guizhou, we revealed a list of SNPs markers and candidate genes that were significantly associated with four leaf traits. This work provides theoretical and practical basis for the genetic breeding of related traits in tea plant leaves.
Asunto(s)
Camellia sinensis , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Mapeo Cromosómico/métodos , Camellia sinensis/genética , Genotipo , Filogenia , Fitomejoramiento , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Hojas de la Planta/genética , TéRESUMEN
The development and production of oil and gas fields would eventually result in a considerable amount of oily generated water, posing serious risks to humans and the environment. Nowadays, the oil concentration in the drainage stream of the produced water is strictly regulated, and many countries have established strict emission standards. As an indispensable oily wastewater treatment technology, flotation technology has attracted much attention because of its maturity, economy, practicality, and relative efficiency. Firstly, this paper summarizes and compares flotation techniques, such as dissolved gas flotation, induced gas flotation, electroflotation, and compact flotation units widely used in produced water treatment offshore in recent years. Considering the complexity of the mechanism of oil removal by air flotation, the mechanism of the oil droplet-bubble interaction is further discussed. The effects of flocculant, PH, and salinity on the oil droplet-bubble interaction in the flotation process were summarized from the perspective of the microscopic colloidal interface, which has a specific guiding role in improving the oil removal efficiency in the gas flotation process. Finally, the research status of produced water treatment by air flotation is summarized, and the feasible research direction is put forward.
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Petróleo , Purificación del Agua , Humanos , Aceites , Aguas Residuales , Purificación del Agua/métodosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Radiation-induced lung injury limits the implementation of radiotherapy plans and severely impairs the quality of life. Crocetin has the capability to protect against radiation. This study is aimed at estimate the preventive effect and mechanism of crocetin on acute radiation induced lung injury. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this study, we offer a strategy for radiation-induced lung injury by using crocetin, an extract of gardenia fruit. Histopathology, transcriptomics, flow cytometry, and other methods have served to examine the effect and mechanism of crocetin on acute radiation-induced lung injury. RESULTS: Crocetin effectively alleviates radiation-induced alveolar wall thickening and alveolar destruction. The number of normal alveoli and lung structure of mice is well protected by the prevention of crocetin. It is found that crocetin inhibits necroptosis to achieve effective radioprotection by down regulating the Tnfrsf10b gene in vitro. CONCLUSION: Crocetin inhibits necroptosis through transcriptional regulation of the Tnfrsf10b gene, thereby preventing radiation-induced lung injury. This work may provide a new strategy for the prevention of lung radiation injury by the extract from Chinese herbal medicine.
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Lesión Pulmonar Aguda , Gardenia , Traumatismos por Radiación , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/etiología , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/prevención & control , Animales , Carotenoides , Frutas/química , Gardenia/química , Pulmón , Ratones , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Calidad de Vida , Traumatismos por Radiación/tratamiento farmacológico , Traumatismos por Radiación/prevención & control , Vitamina A/análogos & derivadosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Chamomile has long been used as a medicinal plant due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside (AG) is one of the major ethanol extract components from chamomile; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS: In this study, the antioxidant potential and the anti-inflammatory activities of AG were analysed and compared with those of trolox. We demonstrate the protective effects of AG on free radical-induced oxidative damage of DNA, proteins and erythrocytes. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect ROS production. Additionally, the expression of anti-oxidation-related and inflammation-related factors was detected by ELISA and Western blotting, respectively. KEY FINDINGS: AG and trolox showed different efficiency as antioxidant in different experimental systems. AG had similar effect as trolox to inhibit H2 O2 -induced ROS production in RAW264.7 cells, while exerted stronger inhibition against free radical-induced oxidative damage on erythrocytes than trolox. Interestingly, compared with trolox, AG also had stronger inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1 signalling in RAW246.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the potential of AG as a pharmaceutical drug for anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, and the combined usage of AG and trolox might promote its efficacy. Our findings will provide new insights into the development of new drugs with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Apigenina/farmacología , Cromanos/farmacología , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/patología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patología , Ratones , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Oveja Doméstica , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Bile acid signaling and metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract have wide-ranging influences on systemic disease. G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5) is one of the major effectors in bile acid sensing, with demonstrated influence on metabolic, inflammatory, and proliferative processes. The pharmacologic utility of TGR5 agonists has been limited by systemic target-related effects such as excessive gallbladder filling and blockade of gallbladder emptying. Gut-restricted TGR5 agonists, however, have the potential to avoid these side effects and consequently be developed into drugs with acceptable safety profiles. We describe the discovery and optimization of a series of gut-restricted TGR5 agonists that elicit a potent response in mice, with minimal gallbladder-related effects. The series includes 12 (TGR5 EC50: human, 143 nM; mouse, 1.2 nM), a compound with minimal systemic availability that may have therapeutic value to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease.
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Vesícula Biliar/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Gastrointestinales/farmacología , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Tiazolidinas/química , Animales , Perros , Diseño de Fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Femenino , Fármacos Gastrointestinales/efectos adversos , Fármacos Gastrointestinales/química , Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
In CKD, phosphate retention arising from diminished GFR is a key early step in a pathologic cascade leading to hyperthyroidism, metabolic bone disease, vascular calcification, and cardiovascular mortality. Tenapanor, a minimally systemically available inhibitor of the intestinal sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3, is being evaluated in clinical trials for its potential to (1) lower gastrointestinal sodium absorption, (2) improve fluid overload-related symptoms, such as hypertension and proteinuria, in patients with CKD, and (3) reduce interdialytic weight gain and intradialytic hypotension in ESRD. Here, we report the effects of tenapanor on dietary phosphorous absorption. Oral administration of tenapanor or other intestinal sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 inhibitors increased fecal phosphorus, decreased urine phosphorus excretion, and reduced [(33)P]orthophosphate uptake in rats. In a rat model of CKD and vascular calcification, tenapanor reduced sodium and phosphorus absorption and significantly decreased ectopic calcification, serum creatinine and serum phosphorus levels, circulating phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 levels, and heart mass. These results indicate that tenapanor is an effective inhibitor of dietary phosphorus absorption and suggest a new approach to phosphate management in renal disease and associated mineral disorders.
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Calcinosis/prevención & control , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Isoquinolinas/uso terapéutico , Fósforo/orina , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Intercambiadores de Sodio-Hidrógeno/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sulfonamidas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Calcinosis/etiología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Masculino , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/metabolismo , Sodio/metabolismo , Intercambiador 3 de Sodio-Hidrógeno , Intercambiadores de Sodio-Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Polyethylene glycol stabilized platinum nanoparticles were immobilized on solid supports such as γ-Al2O3, SBA-15, TiO2 and active carbon, forming supported polyethylene glycol stabilized platinum nanoparticles (SPPNs). In the hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), the SPPN showed high selectivity to p-chloroaniline (>99.3%) in the whole range of conversion. Such high selectivity to corresponding haloanilines (HANs) (>99.1%) was also obtained in the hydrogenation of o-CNB, m-CNB, 2-chloro-6-nitrotoluene, p-bromonitrobenzene and m-iodonitrobenzene. The dehalogenation and the accumulation of intermediates were fully inhibited simultaneously in scCO2. The SPPN catalysts could be reused several times without loss of high selectivity in present reaction system.
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Dióxido de Carbono/química , Dinitroclorobenceno/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Nitrobencenos/química , Platino (Metal)/química , Polietilenglicoles/química , Óxido de Aluminio/química , Compuestos de Anilina/química , Carbono/química , Catálisis , Hidrogenación , Nanopartículas del Metal/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Dióxido de Silicio/química , Estereoisomerismo , Titanio/químicaRESUMEN
Clopidol was extracted from chicken with acetonitrile, and the extract was evaporated to about 5 mL. The concentrated solution was centrifuged and applied to a glass column filled with basic alumina. The column was eluted with methanol and the methanol was evaporated to dryness. The residue was derivatized with Sylon BFT and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Mass characteristics of trimethylsilyl derivative of clopidol were interpreted manually. The selected-ion monitoring mode was performed at m/z 191, 248, 263, and 265. A sensitive, reproducible GC/MS method was developed for monitoring residues of clopidol in chickens. All recoveries of the drug from chicken muscle fortified at 1, 10, and 100 ng/g were > 65%, and relative standard deviations were < 15%. The detection limit was about 0.5 ng/g, and the quantitation limit was the lower limit of the standard curve, which was about 1 ng/g.