Electrophysiologic Determinants of Isoelectric Intervals on Surface Electrocardiograms During Atrial Tachycardia: Insights From High-Density Mapping.

BACKGROUND: Substrate abnormalities can alter atrial activation during atrial tachycardias (ATs) thereby influencing AT-wave morphology on the surface electrocardiogram. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify determinants of isoelectric intervals during ATs with complex atrial activation patterns. METHODS: High-density activation maps of 126 ATs were studied. To assess the impact of the activated atrial surface on the presence of isoelectric intervals, this study measured the minimum activated area throughout the AT cycle, defined as the smallest activated area within a 50-millisecond period, by using signal processing algorithms (LUMIPOINT). RESULTS: ATs with isoelectric intervals (P-wave ATs) included 23 macro-re-entrant ATs (40%), 26 localized-re-entrant ATs (46%), and 8 focal ATs (14%), whereas those without included 46 macro-re-entrant ATs (67%), 21 localized-re-entrant ATs (30%), and 2 focal ATs (3%). Multivariable regression identified smaller minimum activated area and larger very low voltage area as independent predictors of P-wave ATs (OR: 0.732; 95% CI: 0.644-0.831; P < 0.001; and OR: 1.042; 95% CI: 1.006-1.080; P = 0.023, respectively). The minimum activated area with the cutoff value of 10 cm2 provided the highest predictive accuracy for P-wave ATs with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 96%, 97%, 97%, and 95%, respectively. In re-entrant ATs, smaller minimum activated area was associated with lower minimum conduction velocity within the circuit and fewer areas of delayed conduction outside of the circuit (standardized ß: 0.524; 95% CI: 0.373-0.675; P < 0.001; and standardized ß: 0.353; 95% CI: 0.198-0.508; P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced atrial activation area and voltage were associated with isoelectric intervals during ATs.

Detailed analysis of tachycardia cycle length aids diagnosis of the mechanism and location of atrial tachycardias.

AIMS: Although the mechanism of an atrial tachycardia (AT) can usually be elucidated using modern high-resolution mapping systems, it would be helpful if the AT mechanism and circuit could be predicted before initiating mapping. OBJECTIVE: We examined if the information gathered from the cycle length (CL) of the tachycardia can help predict the AT-mechanism and its localization. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-eight activation maps of ATs including eight focal-ATs, 94 macroreentrant-ATs, and 36 localized-ATs in 95 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Maximal CL (MCL) and minimal CL (mCL) over a minute period were measured via a decapolar catheter in the coronary sinus. CL-variation and beat-by-beat CL-alternation were examined. Additionally, the CL-respiration correlation was analysed by the RhythmiaTM system. : Both MCL and mCL were significantly shorter in macroreentrant-ATs [MCL = 288 (253-348) ms, P = 0.0001; mCL = 283 (243-341) ms, P = 0.0012], and also shorter in localized-ATs [MCL = 314 (261-349) ms, P = 0.0016; mCL = 295 (248-340) ms, P = 0.0047] compared to focal-ATs [MCL = 506 (421-555) ms, mCL = 427 (347-508) ms]. An absolute CL-variation (MCL-mCL) < 24 ms significantly differentiated re-entrant ATs from focal-ATs with a sensitivity = 96.9%, specificity = 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) = 100%, and negative predictive value (NPV) = 66.7%. The beat-by-beat CL-alternation was observed in 10/138 (7.2%), all of which showed the re-entrant mechanism, meaning that beat-by-beat CL-alternation was the strong sign of re-entrant mechanism (PPV = 100%). Although the CL-respiration correlation was observed in 28/138 (20.3%) of ATs, this was predominantly in right-atrium (RA)-ATs (24/41, 85.7%), rather than left atrium (LA)-ATs (4/97, 4.1%). A positive CL-respiration correlation highly predicted RA-ATs (PPV = 85.7%), and negative CL-respiration correlation probably suggested LA-ATs (NPV = 84.5%). CONCLUSION: Detailed analysis of the tachycardia CL helps predict the AT-mechanism and the active AT chamber before an initial mapping.

Effect of electrode size and spacing on electrograms: Optimized electrode configuration for near-field electrogram characterization.

BACKGROUND: Detailed effects of electrode size on electrograms (EGMs) have not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to elucidate the effect of electrode size on EGMs and investigate an optimal configuration of electrode size and interelectrode spacing for gap detection and far-field reduction. METHODS: This study included 8 sheep in which probes with different electrode size and interelectrode spacing were epicardially placed on healthy, fatty, and lesion tissues for measurements. Between 3 electrode sizes (0.1 mm/0.2 mm/0.5 mm) with 3 mm spacing. As indices of capability in gap detection and far-field reduction, in different electrode sizes (0.1 mm/0.2 mm/0.5 mm) and interelectrode spacing (0.1 mm/0.2 mm/0.3 mm/0.5 mm/3 mm) and the optimized electrode size and interelectrode spacing were determined. Compared between PentaRay and the optimal probe determined in study 2. RESULTS: Study 1 demonstrated that unipolar voltage and the duration of EGMs increased as the electrode size increased in any tissue (P < .001). Bipolar EGMs had the same tendency in healthy/fat tissues, but not in lesions. Study 2 showed that significantly higher gap to lesion volume ratio and healthy to fat tissue voltage ratio were provided by a smaller electrode (0.2 mm or 0.3 mm electrode) and smaller spacing (0.1 mm spacing), but 0.3 mm electrode/0.1 mm spacing provided a larger bipolar voltage (P < .05). Study 3 demonstrated that 0.3 mm electrode/0.1 mm spacing provided less deflection with more discrete EGMs (P < .0001) with longer and more reproducible AF cycle length (P < .0001) compared to PentaRay. CONCLUSION: Electrode size affects both unipolar and bipolar EGMs. Catheters with microelectrodes and very small interelectrode spacing may be superior in gap detection and far-field reduction. Importantly, this electrode configuration could dramatically reduce artifactual complex fractionated atrial electrograms and may open a new era for AF mapping.

Electrogram fractionation during sinus rhythm occurs in normal voltage atrial tissue in patients with atrial fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION: Electrogram (EGM) fractionation is often associated with diseased atrial tissue; however, mechanisms for fractionation occurring above an established threshold of 0.5 mV have never been characterized. We sought to investigate during sinus rhythm (SR) the mechanisms underlying bipolar EGM fractionation with high-density mapping in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: Forty-five patients undergoing AF ablation (73% paroxysmal, 27% persistent) were mapped at high density (18562 ± 2551 points) during SR (Rhythmia). Only bipolar EGMs with voltages above 0.5 mV were considered for analysis. When fractionation (> 40 ms and >4 deflections) was detected, we classified the mechanisms as slow conduction, wave-front collision, or a pivot point. The relationship between EGM duration and amplitude, and tissue anisotropy and slow conduction, was then studied using a computational model. RESULTS: Of the 45 left atria analyzed, 133 sites of EGM fragmentation were identified with voltages above 0.5 mV. The most frequent mechanism (64%) was slow conduction (velocity 0.45 m/s ± 0.2) with mean EGM voltage of 1.1 ± 0.5 mV and duration of 54.9 ± 9.4 ms. Wavefront collision was the second most frequent (19%), characterized by higher voltage (1.6 ± 0.9 mV) and shorter duration (51.3 ± 11.3 ms). Pivot points (9%) were associated with the highest degree of fractionation with 70.7 ± 6.6 ms and 1.8 ± 1 mV. In 10 sites (8%) fractionation was unexplained. The EGM duration was significantly different among the 3 mechanisms (p = .0351). CONCLUSION: In patients with a history of AF, EGM fractionation can occur at amplitudes > 0.5 mV when in SR in areas often considered not to be diseased tissue. The main mechanism of EGM fractionation is slow conduction, followed by wavefront collision and pivot sites.

Accuracy of automatic abnormal potential annotation for substrate identification in scar-related ventricular tachycardia.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrahigh-density mapping for ventricular tachycardia (VT) is increasingly used. However, manual annotation of local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVAs) is challenging in this setting. Therefore, we assessed the accuracy of the automatic annotation of LAVAs with the Lumipoint algorithm of the Rhythmia system (Boston Scientific). METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred consecutive patients undergoing catheter ablation of scar-related VT were studied. Areas with LAVAs and ablation sites were manually annotated during the procedure and compared with automatically annotated areas using the Lumipoint features for detecting late potentials (LP), fragmented potentials (FP), and double potentials (DP). The accuracy of each automatic annotation feature was assessed by re-evaluating local potentials within automatically annotated areas. Automatically annotated areas matched with manually annotated areas in 64 cases (64%), identified an area with LAVAs missed during manual annotation in 15 cases (15%), and did not highlight areas identified with manual annotation in 18 cases (18%). Automatic FP annotation accurately detected LAVAs regardless of the cardiac rhythm or scar location; automatic LP annotation accurately detected LAVAs in sinus rhythm, but was affected by the scar location during ventricular pacing; automatic DP annotation was not affected by the mapping rhythm, but its accuracy was suboptimal when the scar was located on the right ventricle or epicardium. CONCLUSION: The Lumipoint algorithm was as/more accurate than manual annotation in 79% of patients. FP annotation detected LAVAs most accurately regardless of mapping rhythm and scar location. The accuracy of LP and DP annotations varied depending on mapping rhythm or scar location.

Local abnormal ventricular activity detection in scar-related VT: Microelectrode versus conventional bipolar electrode.

BACKGROUND: Conventional bipolar electrodes (CBE) may be suboptimal to detect local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVAs). Microelectrodes (ME) may improve the detection of LAVAs. This study sought to elucidate the detectability of LAVAs using ME compared with CBE in patients with scar-related ventricular tachycardia (VT). METHODS: We included consecutive patients with structural heart disease who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for scar-related VT using either of the following catheters equipped with ME: QDOTTM or IntellaTip MIFITM. Detection field of LAVA potentials were classified as three types: Type 1 (both CBE and ME detected LAVA), Type 2 (CBE did not detect LAVA while ME did), and Type 3 (CBE detected LAVA while ME did not). RESULTS: In 16 patients (68 ± 16 years; 14 males), 260 LAVAs electrograms (QDOT = 72; MIFI = 188) were analyzed. Type 1, type 2, and type 3 detections were 70.8% (QDOT, 69.4%; MIFI, 71.3%), 20.0% (QDOT, 23.6%; MIFI, 18.6%) and 9.2% (QDOT, 6.9%; MIFI, 10.1%), respectively. The LAVAs amplitudes detected by ME were higher than those detected by CBE in both catheters (QDOT: ME 0.79 ± 0.50 mV vs. CBE 0.41 ± 0.42 mV, p = .001; MIFI: ME 0.73 ± 0.64 mV vs. CBE 0.38 ± 0.36 mV, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: ME allow to identify 20% of LAVAs missed by CBE. ME showed higher amplitude LAVAs than CBE. However, 9.2% of LAVAs can still be missed by ME.

Persistent atrial fibrillation ablation in cardiac laminopathy: Electrophysiological findings and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in patients with cardiac laminopathy (CLMNA). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to characterize atrial electrophysiological properties and to assess the long-term outcomes of persistent AF ablation in patients with CLMNA. METHODS: All patients with CLMNA referred in our center for persistent AF ablation were retrospectively included. Left atrial (LA) volume, left atrial appendage (LAA) cycle length, interatrial conduction delay, and LA voltage amplitude were analyzed during the ablation procedure. Sinus rhythm maintenance and LA contractile function were assessed during long-term follow-up. RESULTS: From 2011 to 2020, 8 patients were included. The mean age was 47 ± 14 years, and 3 patients (38%) were women. The LA volume was 205.8 ± 43.7 mL; the LAA AF cycle length was 250.7 ± 85.6 ms; and the interatrial conduction delay was 296.5 ± 110.1 ms. Large low-voltage areas (>50% of the LA surface; <0.5 mV electrogram) were recorded in all 8 patients. Two patients had inadvertent LAA disconnection during ablation. All A waves recorded by pulsed Doppler in sinus rhythm were <30 cm/s before and after AF ablation. Early arrhythmia recurrence was recorded in 7 patients (87%) (time to recurrence 4 ± 4 months; 1.5 procedures per patient). After a mean follow-up of 4.4 ± 3.2 years, 4 patients underwent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia and 3 patients finally underwent heart transplantation. CONCLUSION: Patients with persistent AF afflicted by CLMNA exhibit severe LA impairment because of large low-voltage areas, prolonged conduction velocity, and reduced contractile function. Ablation procedures have a limited effect with a high recurrence rate.

Atrial tachycardia circuits include low voltage area from index atrial fibrillation ablation relationship between RF ablation lesion and AT.

BACKGROUND: No study to date has used high-density mapping to investigate the relationship between prior radiofrequency (RF) lesions for persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF) ablation and subsequent atrial tachycardias (ATs). METHODS: From 41 consecutive patients who underwent AT ablation at a second procedure using an ultrahigh-density mapping system, 22 patients (38 ATs) were included as they also had complete maps with a multipolar catheter and three-dimensional (3D) mapping system at the time of the first PsAF ablation procedure. We, therefore, compared voltage maps from the first AF ablation procedure to those from the subsequent AT ablation procedure, as well as the lesion sets used for AF ablation vs the activation patterns in AT during the second procedure. RESULTS: In the 38 ATs, 211 of 285 analyzed atrial areas displayed low voltage area (LVA) (74%). Eighteen percent (38/211) existed before the index ablation for AF while 82% (173/211) were newly identified as LVA during the second procedure. Ninety-nine percent (172/173) of the newly developed LVA colocalized with RF lesions delivered for PsAF. Of the 38 ATs, 89.5% (34/38) AT circuits were associated with newly developed LVA due to RF lesions whilst 10.5% (4/38) AT circuits were associated with pre-existing LVA observed at the index procedure. No AT circuit was completely independent from index RF lesions in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of detailed 3D electroanatomical mapping demonstrates that most ATs after PsAF ablation are involving LVAs due to index RF lesions.

Ultra-High-Density Activation Mapping to Aid Isthmus Identification of Atrial Tachycardias in Congenital Heart Disease.

OBJECTIVES: A new electroanatomic mapping system (Rhythmia, Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts) using a 64-electrode mapping basket is now available; we systematically assessed its use in complex congenital heart disease (CHD). BACKGROUND: The incidence of atrial arrhythmias post-surgery for CHD is high. Catheter ablation has emerged as an effective treatment, but is hampered by limitations in the mapping system's ability to accurately define the tachycardia circuit. METHODS: Mapping and ablation data of 61 patients with CHD (35 males, age 45 ± 14 years) from 8 tertiary centers were reviewed. RESULTS: Causes were as follows: Transposition of Great Arteries (atrial switch) (n = 7); univentricular physiology (Fontans) (n = 8); Tetralogy of Fallot (n = 10); atrial septal defect (ASD) repair (n = 15); tricuspid valve (TV) anomalies (n = 10); and other (n = 11). The total number of atrial arrhythmias was 86. Circuits were predominantly around the tricuspid valve (n = 37), atriotomy scar (n = 10), or ASD patch (n = 4). Although the majority of peri-tricuspid circuits were cavo-tricuspid-isthmus dependent (n = 30), they could follow a complex route between the annulus and septal resection, ASD patch, coronary sinus, or atriotomy. Immediate ablation success was achieved in all but 2 cases; with follow-up of 12 ± 8 months, 7 patients had recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the feasibility of the basket catheter for mapping complex CHD arrhythmias, including with transbaffle and transhepatic access. Although the circuits often involve predictable anatomic landmarks, the precise critical isthmus is often difficult to predict empirically. Ultra-high-density mapping enables elucidation of circuits in this complex anatomy and allows successful treatment at the isthmus with a minimal lesion set.

The Spectrum of Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation and J-Wave Syndromes: Novel Mapping Insights.

Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and J-wave syndromes are causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) without any identified structural cardiac disease after extensive investigations. Recent data show that high-density electrophysiological mapping may ultimately offer diagnoses of subclinical diseases in most patients including those termed "unexplained" SCD. Three major conditions can underlie the occurrence of SCD: (1) localized depolarization abnormalities (due to microstructural myocardial alteration), (2) Purkinje abnormalities manifesting as triggering ectopy and inducible reentry; or (3) repolarization heterogeneities. Each condition may result from a spectrum of pathophysiologic processes with implications for individual therapy.

Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Fibrillation Associated With Early Repolarization Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a multicenter study to evaluate mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation (VF) substrates or VF triggers in early repolarization syndromes (ERS) or J-wave syndrome (JWS). METHODS: We studied 52 patients with ERS (4 women; median age, 35 years) with recurrent VF episodes. Body surface electrocardiographic imaging and endocardial and epicardial electroanatomical mapping of both ventricles were performed during sinus rhythm and VF for localization of triggers, substrates, and drivers. Ablations were performed on VF substrates, defined as areas that had late depolarization abnormalities characterized by low-voltage fractionated late potentials, and VF triggers. RESULTS: Fifty-one of the 52 patients had detailed mapping that revealed 2 phenotypes: group 1 had late depolarization abnormalities predominantly at the right ventricular (RV) epicardium (n=40), and group 2 had no depolarization abnormalities (n=11). Group 1 can be subcategorized into 2 groups: Group 1A included 33 patients with ERS with Brugada electrocardiographic pattern, and group 1B included 7 patients with ERS without Brugada electrocardiographic pattern. Late depolarization areas colocalize with VF driver areas. The anterior RV outflow tract/RV epicardium and the RV inferior epicardium are the major substrate sites for group 1. The Purkinje network is the leading underlying VF trigger in group 2 that had no substrates. Ablations were performed in 43 patients: 31 and 5 group 1 patients had only VF substrate ablation and VF substrates plus VF trigger, respectively (mean, 1.4±0.6 sessions); 6 group 2 patients and 1 patient without group classification had only Purkinje VF trigger ablation (mean, 1.2±0.4 sessions). Ablations were successful in reducing VF recurrences (P<0.0001). After follow-up of 31±26 months, 39 (91%) had no VF recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: There are 2 phenotypes of ERS/J-wave syndrome: one with late depolarization abnormality as the underlying mechanism of high-amplitude J-wave elevation that predominantly resides in the RV outflow tract and RV inferolateral epicardium, serving as an excellent target for ablation, and the other with pure ERS devoid of VF substrates but with VF triggers that are associated with Purkinje sites. Ablation is effective in treating symptomatic patients with ERS/J-wave syndrome with frequent VF episodes.

Post-Myocardial Infarction Scar With Fat Deposition Shows Specific Electrophysiological Properties and Worse Outcome After Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation.

Background Fat deposition (FD) is part of the healing process after myocardial infarction. The characteristics of FD and its impact on the outcome in patients undergoing ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation have not been thoroughly studied. Methods and Results We studied consecutive patients undergoing post-myocardial infarction VT ablation with pre-procedural cardiac computed tomography. FD was defined as intra-myocardial attenuation ≤ -30 HU on computed tomography. Clinical, anatomical, and post-procedural outcome was assessed in the overall population. Electrophysiological characteristics were assessed is a subgroup of patients with high-density electro-anatomical maps. Sixty-nine patients were included (66±12 years). FD was detected in 44 (64%) patients. The presence of FD related to scar age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.14 per year; P=0.001) and scar extent (OR: 1.27 per segment; P=0.02). On electro-anatomical maps, FD was characterized by lower bipolar amplitude (P<0.001) and prolonged electrogram duration (P<0.001). Although the proportion of local abnormal ventricular activation was similar (P=0.22), local abnormal ventricular activation showed lower amplitude (P<0.001) and were more delayed (P<0.001) in scars with FD. After a mean follow-up of 26 months, patients with FD experienced a worse outcome including all-cause mortality and VT recurrence (70% versus 28%, P log rank=0.009). On multivariate analysis, FD (hazard ratio=2.69; 95% CI, 1.12-6.46; P=0.027) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (hazard ratio=2.57; 95% CI, 1.13-5.85; P=0.024) were independent predictors of adverse outcomes. Conclusions FD in patients with post-myocardial infarction VT undergoing catheter ablation relates to scar age and size and may be a marker of adverse outcomes including all-cause mortality and VT recurrence.

Noninvasive Mapping and Electrocardiographic Imaging in Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias (CardioInsight).

Electrocardiographic imaging is a mapping technique aiming to noninvasively characterize cardiac electrical activity using signals collected from the torso to reconstruct epicardial potentials. Its efficacy has been demonstrated clinically, from mapping premature ventricular complexes and accessory pathways to of complex arrhythmias. Electrocardiographic imaging uses a standardized workflow. Signals should be checked manually to avoid automatic processing errors. Reentry is confirmed in the presence of local activation covering the arrhythmia cycle length. Focal breakthroughs demonstrate a QS pattern associated with centrifugal activation. Electrocardiographic imaging offers a unique opportunity to better understand the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias and guide ablation.

Atrial Tachycardia With Atrial Activation Duration Exceeding the Tachycardia Cycle Length: Mechanisms and Prevalence.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify atrial tachycardia (AT) demonstrating atrial activation duration (AAD) lasting longer than the length of the tachycardia cycle (TCL); to assess AT prevalence; and to evaluate the mechanisms and characteristics associated with these AT episodes by using the Rhythmia system (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts). BACKGROUND: Ultra-high-density mapping allows very accurate characterization of mechanisms involved in AT. Some complex patterns may involve AAD which is longer than the tachycardia cycle length (TCL) which makes maps difficult to interpret. Prevalence and characteristics of such ATs are unknown. METHODS: A cohort of 100 consecutive patients undergoing ablation of 125 right (n = 21) or left (n = 104) ATs using ultra-high-density mapping were retrospectively included. Offline calculation of right or left AAD was compared to TCL. RESULTS: Mean TCL was 293 ± 65 ms, and mean AAD was 291 ± 74 ms (p = NS). AT mechanisms were macro-re-entry in 74 cases (59%), localized re-entry in 27 cases (22%), and focal AT in 21 cases (17%) (types were mixed in 3 cases). Fifteen ATs (12%) had AADs that were longer than the TCL (71 ± 45 ms longer, from 10 to 150 ms). TCL was equal to the AAD in 97 ATs (78%), whereas 13 ATs (10%) had AAD shorter than the TCL (focal AT in each case). There were no differences between right and left atria for prevalence of ATs with AADs that were longer than the TCLs. There were significant differences in AT mechanisms according to the AAD-to-TCL ratio (p < 0.0001), with localized re-entry showing more often that AAD was longer than the TCL compared to that in focal AT and macro-re-entry. CONCLUSIONS: ATs with AAD lasting longer than the TCL were present in approximately 10% of the ATs referred for ablation, mostly in ATs caused by localized re-entry. Ultra-high-density mapping allows detection of these complex patterns of activation.

Extent and spatial distribution of left atrial arrhythmogenic sites, late gadolinium enhancement at magnetic resonance imaging, and low-voltage areas in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: comparison of imaging vs. electrical parameters of fibrosis and arrhythmogenesis.

AIMS: Atrial fibrosis contributes to arrhythmogenesis in atrial fibrillation and can be detected by MRI or electrophysiological mapping. The current study compares the spatial correlation between delayed enhancement (DE) areas to low-voltage areas (LVAs) and to arrhythmogenic areas with spatio-temporal dispersion (ST-Disp) or continuous activity (CA) in atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen patients with persistent AF (nine long-standing) underwent DE-magnetic resonance imaging (1.25 mm × 1.25 mm × 2.5 mm) prior to pulmonary vein isolation. Left atrial (LA) voltage mapping was acquired in AF and the regional activation patterns of 7680 AF wavelets were analysed. Sites with ST-Disp or CA were characterized (voltage, duration) and their spatial relationship to DE areas and LVAs <0.5 mV was assessed. Delayed enhancement areas and LVAs covered 55% and 24% (P < 0.01) of total LA surface, respectively. Delayed enhancement area was present at 61% of LVAs, whereas low voltage was present at 28% of DE areas. Most DE areas (72%) overlapped with atrial high-voltage areas (>0.5 mV). Spatio-temporal dispersion and CA more frequently co-localized with LVAs than with DE areas (78% vs. 63%, P = 0.02). Regional bipolar voltage of ST-Disp vs. CA was 0.64 ± 0.47 mV vs. 0.58 ± 0.51 mV. All 28 ST-Disp and 56 CA areas contained electrograms with prolonged duration (115 ± 14 ms) displaying low voltage (0.34 ± 0.11 mV). CONCLUSION: A small portion of DE areas and LVAs harbour the arrhythmogenic areas displaying ST-Disp or CA. Most arrhythmogenic activities co-localized with LVAs, while there was less co-localization with DE areas. There is an important mismatch between DE areas and LVAs which needs to be considered when used as target for catheter ablation.

Larger and deeper ventricular lesions using a novel expandable spherical monopolar irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheter.

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is an established treatment for ventricular tachycardia (VT). However, the inability of current RF catheters to address deep or large substrate may explain most of the clinical failures. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of ablation in the left ventricle (LV) in sheep using a novel 8-Fr deflectable ablation catheter (Sphere-9; Affera, Inc) with a 9-mm expandable spherical monopolar irrigated RF tip vs a standard RF irrigated catheter (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA). The impact on tissue was assessed on local bipolar electrograms (from nine uniformly distributed mini surface electrodes and an internal central reference electrode), as well as on direct lesion measurement post mortem. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven sheep underwent LV endocardial ablation in healthy tissue using the Sphere-9 catheter (n = 6), or a conventional irrigated RF catheter (n = 5). Twenty lesions were created with the Sphere-9 (current limit: 2.7 A; temp. limit: 60°C; irrigation: 30 mL/min; and duration: 60-120 seconds). Local bipolar electrograms at the surface of the catheter disappeared during RF delivery in 17 of 20 (85%) lesions. The mean lesion volume was 1707 ± 771 mm 3 (length: 15.8 ± 3.3 mm; width: 11.6 ± 4.2 mm; and depth: 10.3 ± 2.9 mm). Twenty-five lesions were created with a standard RF irrigated catheter (power control 35 W; irrigation: 30 mL/min; duration: 60 seconds; volume 537 ± 398 mm 3 ; length: 8.2 ± 2.3 mm; width: 5.2 ± 1.8 mm; and depth: 5.5 ± 2.4 mm). The novel spherical RF catheter created significantly larger lesions ( P < .001 for measurements in all dimensions). There were no steam pops with the novel ablation catheter vs one with the conventional catheter. CONCLUSIONS: This novel spherical monopolar irrigated RF catheter creates lesions that are twice as large and deep as a standard irrigated RF catheter.

Are wall thickness channels defined by computed tomography predictive of isthmuses of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia?

BACKGROUND: Wall thickness (WT) in post-myocardial infarction scar is heterogenous, with channels of relatively preserved thickness bordered by thinner scar. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine whether 3-dimensionally-reconstructed computed tomography (CT) channels correlate with electrophysiological isthmuses during ventricular tachycardia (VT). METHODS: We retrospectively studied 9 postinfarction patients (aged 57 ± 15 years, 1 female) with 10 complete VT activation maps (cycle length 429 ± 77ms) created using high-resolution mapping. Three-dimensionally-reconstructed WT maps from CT were merged with the activation map during sinus rhythm (SR) and VT. The relationship between WT and electrophysiological characteristics was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 41 CT channels were identified (median 4 per patient), of median (range) length 21.2 mm (17.3-36.8 mm), width 9.0 mm (6.7-16.5 mm), and area 1.49 cm2(1.00-1.75 cm2). WT in the channel was significantly thicker in the center than in the edge (median 2.4 mm vs 1.5 mm, P < .0001). Of 3163 (2493-5960) mapping points in SR, 382 (191-1115) local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVAs) were identified. One patient had a maximal proportion of LAVAs in 3-4 mm, 3 patients in 2-3 mm, 2 in 1-2 mm, and 2 in 0-1 mm. The VT isthmuses of all 10 VTs corresponded with 1-4 CT channels. Twenty-one of the 41 CT channels (51.2%) corresponded to a VT isthmus (entrance, mid, or exit). Electrophysiological VT isthmuses were more likely to be associated with CT channels that were longer (P = .04, odds ratio [OR] 1.05/mm), thinner (but not less than 1 mm) (P = .03, OR 0.36/mm), or parallel to the mitral annulus (P = .07, OR 3.93). CONCLUSION: VT isthmuses were always found in CT channels (100% sensitivity), and half of CT channels hosted VT isthmuses (positive predictive value 51%). Longer and thinner (but >1 mm) CT channels were significantly associated with VT isthmuses.

Effect of Activation Wavefront on Electrogram Characteristics During Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation.

Background Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in structural heart disease is challenging because of noninducibility or hemodynamic compromise. Ablation often depends on elimination of local abnormal ventricular activities (LAVAs) but which may be hidden in far-field signal. We investigated whether altering activation wavefront affects activation timing and LAVA characterization and allows a better understanding of isthmus anatomy. Methods Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy underwent mapping using the ultra-high density Rhythmia system (Boston Scientific). Maps were generated for all stable VTs and with pacing from the atrium, right ventricular apex, and an left ventricular branch of the coronary sinus. Results Fifty-six paced maps and 23 VT circuits were mapped in 22 patients. In 79% of activation maps, there was ≥1 line of block in the paced conduction wavefront, with 93% having fixed block and 32% showing functional partial block. Bipolar scar was larger with atrial than right ventricular (31.7±18.5 versus 27.6±16.3 cm2, P=0.003) or left ventricular pacing (31.7±18.5 versus 27.0±19.2 cm2, P=0.009); LAVA areas were smaller with atrial than right ventricular (12.3±10.5 versus 18.4±11.0 cm2, P<0.001) or left ventricular pacing (12.3±10.5 versus 17.1±10.7 cm2, P<0.001). LAVA areas were larger with wavefront propagation perpendicular versus parallel to the line of block along isthmus boundaries (19.3±7.1 versus 13.6±7.4 cm2, P=0.01). All patients had successful VT isthmus ablation. In 11±8 months follow-up, 2 patients had a recurrence. Conclusions Wavefronts of conduction slowing/block may aid identification of critical isthmuses in unmappable VTs. Altering the activation wavefront leads to significant differences in conduction properties of myocardial tissue, along with scar and LAVA characterization. In patients where few LAVAs are identified during substrate mapping, using an alternate activation wavefront running perpendicular to the VT isthmus may increase sensitivity to detect arrhythmogenic substrate and critical sites for reentry.

Use of Novel Electrogram "Lumipoint" Algorithm to Detect Critical Isthmus and Abnormal Potentials for Ablation in Ventricular Tachycardia.

OBJECTIVES: This study reports the use of a novel "Lumipoint" algorithm in ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. BACKGROUND: Automatic mapping systems aid rapid acquisition of activation maps. However, they may annotate farfield rather than nearfield signal in low voltage areas, making maps difficult to interpret. The Lumipoint algorithm analyzes the complete electrogram tracing and therefore includes nearfield signals in its analysis. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and 5 with dilated cardiomyopathy underwent mapping using the ultra-high density Rhythmia system. Lumipoint algorithms were applied retrospectively. RESULTS: In all left ventricular substrate maps, changing the window of interest to the post-QRS phase automatically identified late potentials. In 25 of 27 left ventricular VT activation maps, a minimum spatial window of interest correctly identified the VT isthmus as seen by the manually annotated map, entrainment, and response to ablation. In 6 maps, the algorithm identified the isthmus where the standard automatically annotated map did not. CONCLUSIONS: The Lumipoint algorithm automatically highlights areas with electrograms having specific characteristics or timings. This can identify late and fractionated potentials and regions that exhibit discontinuous activation, as well as the isthmus of a VT circuit. These features may enhance human interpretation of the electrogram signals during a case, particularly where the circuit lies in partial scar with low amplitude nearfield signals and potentially allow a more targeted ablation strategy.

Insights from atrial surface activation throughout atrial tachycardia cycle length: A new mapping tool.

BACKGROUND: A novel "LUMIPOINT" software in the Rhythmia system (Boston Scientific) displays a histogram of activated area over the entire atrial tachycardia (AT) cycle length (CL) with a normalized score. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the pattern of this global activation histogram (GAH) identified reentrant vs focal AT and whether a decrease in atrial activation area, shown as valleys in the GAH, identifies isthmuses. METHODS: One hundred eight activation maps of ATs (17 focal, 57 macroreentrant, 21 localized, 13 multiple loop) in 67 patients were reviewed retrospectively with the LUMIPOINT software. The ACTIVATION SEARCH feature highlighted the activated area in a given time period irrespective of the activation map. A 30-ms unit time interval was set, and the GAH patterns and electrophysiological properties of highlighted areas were examined. RESULTS: Focal ATs systematically displayed a plateau with GAH-Score <0.1 for at least 30% of the CL. Most reentrant ATs (90/91 [98.9%]) lacked this plateau and displayed activity covering the entire CL, with 2 [1-2] GAH-Valleys per tachycardia. Each GAH-Valley highlighted 1 [1-2] areas in the map. Among 264 highlighted areas, 198 (75.0%) represented slow conduction, 19 (7.2%) lines of block, 27 (10.2%) wavefront collision, 3 (1.1%) unknown, and 17 (6.4%) absence of activation in focal ATs. Practical ablation sites all matched one of the highlighted areas based on GAH-Valleys, and they corresponded better with areas highlighted by GAH-Score ≤0.2 (P <.0001). CONCLUSION: GAH shows focal vs reentrant mechanisms at first glance. Decrease in activated areas (displayed by GAH-Valleys) is mostly due to slow conduction and highlights areas of special interest, with 100% sensitivity for isthmus identification.