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Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch, widely utilized in clinical practices in traditional Chinese medicine, is a medicinal plant whose dried stem pich exhibits activities such as lactation induction, diuresis, and anti-inflammatory effects. The species is native to the southwest of China, such as Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. It thrives in sunlight and warmth and is planted in fertile valleys in the region (Zhang et al. 2023). In July 2021, a leaf spot-like disease was observed on approximately 15% of T. papyrifer (Big T. papyrifer) in a field in Shibing County (127.2°E, 25.2°N), Guizhou Province, China. The symptomatic leaves displayed irregular, watery dark brown lesions with black conidiomata in gray centers and surrounded by yellow halos. To identify the causal agent leading to the disease, 15 symptomatic leaves from five trees in one field were collected. These leaves underwent surface sterilization, which included 30s in 75% ethanol, 2 min in 3% NaOCl, and three times of washing with sterilized distilled water. Thereafter, small pieces of the symptomatic leaf tissues (0.2 × 0.2 cm) were plated on PDA and incubated at 25°C for seven days (Fang 2007). Three isolates were obtained based on the improved single spore isolation method proposed by Gong et al. (2010), and named as GUTC 321, GUTC 523 and GUTC 873. The fungal colonies on PDA were villiform, creamy-white, whorled, and sparse aerial mycelium on the surface with black, gregarious conidiomata. The conidia were ellipsoid, mid brown to dark brown, mainly with 3-4 transverse septa, usually divided by longitudinal septum, often constricted at the septa, 21.8 (12.6-34.5) × 13.9 (8.8-19.8) µm (n=50). The morphological features were consistent with the descriptions of Pseudopithomyces chartarum (Ariyawansa et al. 2015). All three isolates exhibited identical morphological properties. The potential pathogen was confirmed as P. chartarum by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), large subunit ribosomal (LSU) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1) genes with primers ITS4/ITS5, LROR/LR7 and EF-983F/EF-2218R, respectively (Ariyawansa et al. 2015; Jayasiriet al. 2019). BLASTn analyses of the sequences showed 100% identity among the three isolates and a high homology (ITS, 99.8%: 598/599; LSU, 100%: 853/853; and TEF1, 100%: 871/871) with those of P. chartarum sequences in GenBank (MT123059, OK655822, and MK360080, respectively). The sequences of the genes from isolate GUTC321 were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OP269599 (ITS), OP237015 (LSU), and OR069689 (TEF1). Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated ITS-LSU-TEF1 sequence (2,685 bp) of GUTC 321 using PhyloSuite 1.2.2 with PartitionFinder model revealed that the isolate clustered closely with P. chartarum isolate CBS 329.86T (Cecilia 1986). The pathogenicity of GUTC 321 was tested thereafter on ten healthy T. papyrifer plants grown in pots in growth chamber. The plants were inoculated by spraying with spore suspension (106 spores mL-1) of GUTC 321 or sterile water (control) onto leaves that had been slightly injured with sterilized SiO2 (0.1-0.25 mm) until runoff. The plants were maintained at 25°C in the growth chamber, and monitored for symptom development. Local lesions began to appear on all GUTC 321-inoculated leaves, but not on those of the control plants, 48 hours after inoculation. Seven days after the inoculation, lesions similar to those observed on field plants occurred on GUTC321-inoculated plants but not on the control plants, the lesions observed only in inoculated leaves. The same fungus was reisolated and identified based on the morphological characterization and molecular analyses (ITS, LSU and TEF1) from the infected leaves thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on T. papyrifer caused by P. chartarum in China. Considering the significance of T. papyrifer in Chinese medicine, approximate management measures need to be developed and applied to control the disease in the crop.
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The standardization of classification methods of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) ancient books can provide a clear and reliable reference for all kinds of TCM ancient books collection units, which can also promote the sharing and utilization of TCM ancient books. We studied and investigated the classification methods of TCM ancient books in past dynasties. The standard on classification of TCM ancient books was formulated by compared with the classification table of Zhongguo Zhongyi Guji Zongmu, and referred to the classification table of Zhonghua Guji Zongmu. This standard specified three-level categories and classification principles of TCM ancient books, and mainly composed of basic categories, three-level category table, classification principles and examples, and instructions for use.
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It is urgent to establish a standard for the classification and management of ancient books for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) industry. This paper formulated the compiling principles on classification of TCM ancient books through the investigation and research. The categories were set and adjusted by comparing with the classification of Zhongguo Zhongyi Guji Zongmu and Zhonghua Guji Zongmu. Based on the comparason, the standard on classification of TCM ancient books was established. According to the classification standard, 8 663 kinds of TCM ancient books were reclassified. This standard can provide a clear and reliable reference for all kinds of collection units, promote the unification of classification methods of TCM ancient books, and promote the sharing and utilization of TCM ancient books.
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In the treatment of primary epilepsy, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) compounds and the combination of TCM and Western medicine with acupuncture and moxibustion, massage, acupoint embedding and other therapies are used most. The combined application of different therapies could enhance the curative effect, which could effectively control the frequency of the outbreak of this disease, reduce the adverse reactions of drugs, and further improve the quality of life of patients. In recent years, the number of TCM clinical studies related to this disease has increased, but most of the studies have a small sample size, unclear long-term efficacy, few double-blind trials, and unclear random methods. In addition, the criteria of syndrome classification and curative effect of primary epilepsy need to be unified.
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Objective To explore the application value of early postoperative enteral eco-immune nutrition in the nutritional support treatment for intra-abdominal infection.Methods The prospective study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 62 patients with intra-abdominal infection who were admitted to the 940 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force from February 2018 to December 2018 were collected.All patients were randomly divided into two groups by the envelope method with double-blind technique,including patients who began being given enteral eco-immune nutrition preparation at postoperative 24-48 hours in eco-immune group and patients who began being given simple enteral nutrition preparation at 24-48 hours in control group.Observation indicators:(1) analysis of immune function indices before treatment and after 7 days of treatment in the two groups;(2) postoperative conditions in the two groups;(3) follow-up.Follow-up using telephone interview was performed to detect complications and recurrence of infection up to May 2019.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean ± SD,and intra-group comparison and comparison between groups were analyzed using the t test.Count data were represented as absolute numbers or percentages,and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test.Results Sixty-two patients were screened for eligibility,including 38 males and 24 females,aged (54± 14)years,with the range of 22-81 years.There were 30 in the eco-immune group and 32 in the control group.(1) Analysis of immune function indices before treatment and after 7 days of treatment in the two groups:before treatment,the percentages of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,ratio of CD4+/CD8+,count of natural killer (NK) cells,levels of blood endotoxin and immunoglobulin A (IgA) for the eco-immune group were 61％ ± 12％,34％ ± 5％,28％ ± 5％,1.25 ± 0.34,17.26％±2.74％,(2.4±0.3)ng/L,and (1.7±0.5)g/L,versus 59％±11％,33％±5％,27％±4％,1.27± 0.36,16.96％ ±2.99％,(2.5± 0.5) ng/L,(1.8± 0.5) g/L for the control group,respectively,there were no significant differences between the two groups (t =-0.563,-0.354,-0.987,0.327,-0.462,0.887,0.991,P＞ 0.05).After 7 days of treatment,the above indices for the eco-immune group were 62％±8％,37％±6％,27％± 8％,1.45±0.32,22.63％±7.25％,(2.2±0.4) ng/L,and (2.3±0.4) g/L,versus 58％±8％,32％±4％,27％ ±6％,1.26±0.22,16.26％±2.10％,(2.7±0.6)ng/L,and (2.0±0.4)g/L for the control group,respectively,there were significant differences in the percentages of CD3+,CD4+,ratio of CD4+/CD8+,count of NK cells,levels of blood endotoxin and IgA (t =-2.393,-4.336,-3.074,-5.338,4.010,-3.155,P＜0.05),but no significant difference in the percentage of CD8+ between the two groups (t =0.077,P＞0.05).In the coo-immune group,the percentage of CD4+,ratio of CD4+/CD8+,count of NK cells,levels of blood endotoxin and IgA showed significant differences after 7 days of treatment (t =-2.899,-2.739,-4.385,2.157,-5.788,P＜0.05),but the percentages of CD3+ and CD8+ showed no significant differences after 7 days of treatment (t =-0.490,1.193,P＞ 0.05).In the control group,the percentage of CD8+ and level of IgA showed significant differences after 7 days of treatment (t=3.659,-2.258,P＜0.05),but the percentage of CD4+,ratio of CD4+/CD8+,count of NK cells,and level of blood endotoxin showed no significant differences after 7 days of treatment (t =0.157,0.759,1.132,1.212,-0.532,P＞0.05).(2) Postoperative conditions in the two groups:the time to first flatus and duration of postoperative hospital stay of the eco-immune group were (2.4± 0.5) days and (8± 4) days,respectively,versus (2.9±0.7)days and (11±7)days of the control group;there were significant differences in the above indices between the two groups (t =-3.017,-2.764,P＜0.05).In the eco-immune group,the incidence of complication was 6.7％(2/30),including 1 case of wound infection,1 case of pulmonary infection.In the control group,the incidence of complication was 31.2％ (10/32),including 6 cases of wound infection,2 cases of pulmonary infection,1 case of intra-abdominal infection,and 1 case of systemic inflammatory response syndrome.There was a significant difference in the incidence of complication between the two groups (x2=4.122,P＜ 0.05).The patients with infection were recovered after corresponding systematic conservative treatments.(3) Follow-up:of the 62 patients,46 were followed up for 3-9 months,with a median follow-up time of 6 months,including 26 in the eco-immune group and 20 in the control group.During the follow-up,no complication or infection recurred in the two groups.Conclusion Compared with simple enteral nutrition,early postoperative enteral eco-immune nutrition in the nutritional support treatment is safe and effective for patients with intra-abdominal infection,which can enhance the immune function of patients,shorten the recovery time of patients,and reduce the incidence of infection complications.
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Objective@#To explore the application value of early postoperative enteral eco-immune nutrition in the nutritional support treatment for intra-abdominal infection.@*Methods@#The prospective study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 62 patients with intra-abdominal infection who were admitted to the 940 Hospital of the People′s Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force from February 2018 to December 2018 were collected. All patients were randomly divided into two groups by the envelope method with double-blind technique, including patients who began being given enteral eco-immune nutrition preparation at postoperative 24-48 hours in eco-immune group and patients who began being given simple enteral nutrition preparation at 24-48 hours in control group. Observation indicators: (1) analysis of immune function indices before treatment and after 7 days of treatment in the two groups; (2) postoperative conditions in the two groups; (3) follow-up. Follow-up using telephone interview was performed to detect complications and recurrence of infection up to May 2019. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean±SD, and intra-group comparison and comparison between groups were analyzed using the t test. Count data were represented as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test.@*Results@#Sixty-two patients were screened for eligibility, including 38 males and 24 females, aged (54±14)years, with the range of 22-81 years. There were 30 in the eco-immune group and 32 in the control group. (1) Analysis of immune function indices before treatment and after 7 days of treatment in the two groups: before treatment, the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, ratio of CD4+ /CD8+, count of natural killer (NK) cells, levels of blood endotoxin and immunoglobulin A (IgA) for the eco-immune group were 61%±12%, 34%±5%, 28%±5%, 1.25±0.34, 17.26%±2.74%, (2.4±0.3)ng/L, and (1.7±0.5)g/L, versus 59%±11%, 33%±5%, 27%±4%, 1.27±0.36, 16.96%±2.99%, (2.5±0.5)ng/L, (1.8±0.5)g/L for the control group, respectively, there were no significant differences between the two groups (t=-0.563, -0.354, -0.987, 0.327, -0.462, 0.887, 0.991, P>0.05). After 7 days of treatment, the above indices for the eco-immune group were 62%±8%, 37%±6%, 27%±8%, 1.45±0.32, 22.63%±7.25%, (2.2±0.4)ng/L, and (2.3±0.4)g/L, versus 58%±8%, 32%±4%, 27%±6%, 1.26±0.22, 16.26%±2.10%, (2.7±0.6)ng/L, and (2.0±0.4)g/L for the control group, respectively, there were significant differences in the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, ratio of CD4+ /CD8+, count of NK cells, levels of blood endotoxin and IgA (t=-2.393, -4.336, -3.074, -5.338, 4.010, -3.155, P<0.05), but no significant difference in the percentage of CD8+ between the two groups (t=0.077, P>0.05). In the eco-immune group, the percentage of CD4+, ratio of CD4+ /CD8+, count of NK cells, levels of blood endotoxin and IgA showed significant differences after 7 days of treatment (t=-2.899, -2.739, -4.385, 2.157, -5.788, P<0.05), but the percentages of CD3+ and CD8+ showed no significant differences after 7 days of treatment (t=-0.490, 1.193, P>0.05). In the control group, the percentage of CD8+ and level of IgA showed significant differences after 7 days of treatment (t=3.659, -2.258, P<0.05), but the percentage of CD4+, ratio of CD4+ /CD8+, count of NK cells, and level of blood endotoxin showed no significant differences after 7 days of treatment (t=0.157, 0.759, 1.132, 1.212, -0.532, P>0.05). (2) Postoperative conditions in the two groups: the time to first flatus and duration of postoperative hospital stay of the eco-immune group were (2.4±0.5)days and (8±4)days, respectively, versus (2.9±0.7)days and (11±7)days of the control group; there were significant differences in the above indices between the two groups (t=-3.017, -2.764, P<0.05). In the eco-immune group, the incidence of complication was 6.7%(2/30), including 1 case of wound infection, 1 case of pulmonary infection. In the control group, the incidence of complication was 31.2%(10/32), including 6 cases of wound infection, 2 cases of pulmonary infection, 1 case of intra-abdominal infection, and 1 case of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. There was a significant difference in the incidence of complication between the two groups (χ2=4.122, P<0.05). The patients with infection were recovered after corresponding systematic conservative treatments. (3) Follow-up: of the 62 patients, 46 were followed up for 3-9 months, with a median follow-up time of 6 months, including 26 in the eco-immune group and 20 in the control group. During the follow-up, no complication or infection recurred in the two groups.@*Conclusion@#Compared with simple enteral nutrition, early postoperative enteral eco-immune nutrition in the nutritional support treatment is safe and effective for patients with intra-abdominal infection, which can enhance the immune function of patients, shorten the recovery time of patients, and reduce the incidence of infection complications.
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Objective To observe the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine health maintenance books in the past. Method Based on the General Catalogue of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ancient Books, the author did a bibliometrics analysis from the year of the ancient literature of the TCM health preservation, the year and type of the version, the distribution of the second class of the health maintenance, the unique books of ancient books in health maintenance, the collection in the series and Collected Taoist Scriptures and other issues. Results Of the 551 kinds of works of health maintenance embodied in the General Catalogue of Traditional Chinese Medicine Ancient Books, 404 kinds were completed before 1911, including 3 in the Han Dynasty, 1 in the Three Kingdoms Period, 2 in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, 1 in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and 23 in the Tang Dynasty, 16 in the Song Dynasty, 20 in the Yuan Dynasty, 155 in the Ming Dynasty,and 183 kinds in the Qing Dynasty. The distribution of edition year was 1 in the Yuan Dynasty, 155 in the Ming Dynasty, 182 in the Qing Dynasty, 155 in the Republic of China, and 47 unknown. The versions were mainly wood-block edition, lithograph, stereotype edition, manuscript, and copied manuscript. There were different types of second class, including 309 kinds of general theory of health-maintenance, 157 kinds of Daoyin and Qigong, and 85 kinds of alchemy. There were 224 kinds of unique books, accounting for 40.65％ of the total amount of 551 kinds of books of traditional Chinese medicine, among which 95 kinds were included in the series, and 109 kinds were included in Collected Taoist Scriptures, Quotes of Taoist Canon, Taoist Essence, and Taoist Collection. Conclusions The Health monographs reflect the development of TCM health maintenance level, the ideological culture, and social changes in different historical periods, which is of great value in the history of TCM health maintenance.
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Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of acupuncture therapy for the rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with renal hypertension and try to explore its mechanism. Methods We randomly select 10 Wistar rats as the blank group and 40 rats were used to make the model groups, which were divided into simple diabetes group, simple renal hypertension group, the compound group with electroacupuncture and the compound group without elec?troacupuncture, with 10 rats in each group. After a high fat and sugar diet for 4 weeks, the Wistar rats were given strepto?zotocin i. p. injection to establish models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Renal hypertension was developed by the“2K1C” im?proved method to make unilateral renal artery ligation?induced renal artery stenosis. Then, electroacupuncture treatment was performed on the rats for 2 weeks except the compound group without electroacupuncture. The changes of values of BP, FBG, Cr, BUN, glycated hemoglobin, renin and Ang II were recorded and analyzed. Results The values of BP, FBG, Cr, BUN, glycated hemoglobin, renin and Ang II in the compound group with electroacupuncture showed a significant re?duction compared with the compound group without electroacupuncture after 2 weeks (P0?05). Conclusions The blood glucose and blood pressure in the rat model of compound group can be reduced to a normal level with continuous electroacupuncture at bilateral acupoints Zusanli, and it can also be kept at a stable level after single electroacupuncture for 2-3 days. The acupuncture therapy is more suitable for early clinical treatment and can be used in basic research with advantages of economic, safe, no side effect and so on.
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Chronic atrophic gastritis is a common and intractable disease of digestive in clinical. Chinese medicine is an important treatment method of this disease. It is said in Yellow Emperor that you must know the reason to seize the key. So explore the pathogenesis of the disease is the key to understanding the disease and the premise of Chinese medicine treatment of disease in traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years, many medical literature for chronic atrophic gastritis were reported. This article focuses on organizing the etiology and pathogenesis of the research literatures to comprehensively analyze the formation mechanism of the disease, and lay a solid foundation for further effective treatment search.
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Analogy is to construct the theory of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical thinking method,which the proper use of this thinking is helpful to improve the clinical thinking of Chinese medicine,contributes to the development of disease differentiation and treatment ideas.This article tried to analyze the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases with Professor Zhu Zongyuan on the process,to explore the analogy on disease differentiation treatment guide.
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With medical literature in local chronicles before 1949 as the research object,this paper introduces the existing research results and existing problems from two aspects of books and papers.Then it summarizes the compiling standard of all kinds of medical literature in local chronicles,and points out that the literature can be arranged by bibliography collection,database construction,information analysis,so as to support and complement the content of existing TCM classics,and provide new clues and basis for scientific research of traditional Chinese medicine.
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In China, the treatment of AIDS With Chinese herbal medicine compound has been widely studied and practiced. Clinical Studies showed that the treatment of AIDS with Chinese medicine can significantly relieve AIDS patients' clinical symptoms, improve life quality with rising immunity and alleviate toxic and side effects in antiviral drug. This study took 28 Clinical Studies on the treatment of AIDS with Chinese herbal medicine compound published in Chinese periodicals as the research object, and designed Tree Analysis Algorithm was used to analyze prescription compatibility in the treatment of AIDS with Chinese herbal medicine compound. Results of data analysis revealed that clinical therapy on AIDS could be classified into three types: predominent de-toxication, predominent supplementing Qi, and simultaneous de-toxication and supplementing Qi due to different understanding the pathogenesis of excessive evil and deficient essence-qi. But in practical medication, there has not formed a reasonable and effective combination or basic prescription up to now, except that Astragalus was wildly used.
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The therapeutic effectiveness of nutritional support in the treatment of severe chronic hepatitis and posthepatitic cirrhosis was evaluated. 143 patients with severe chronic hepatitis and 83 with posthepatitic cirrhosis were evaluated with SGA for assessing the nutritional status before the treatment. Patients with severe chronic hepatitis were divided into three groups: group A subject to enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN), group B subject to comprehensive treatment (CT) +PN; group C subject to CT+ EN. The patients with posthepatitic cirrhosis were divided into two groups: group D receiving CT and group E receiving CT+PN+EN. The function of liver and kidney and nutritional status were monitored to assess the therapy in 6 weeks. The results showed before treatment, over 90 % patients had moderate to severe malnutrition. After nutritional support, the liver function (ALT, T-biil) and nutritional status (TP, TC) in group A was improved significantly as compared with that in groups B and C (P＜0.05). Compared with group D,the values of TP and Alb were increased significantly in group E (P＜0.05), but the levels of ALT, AST and T-bil had no obvious change. It was suggested that most patients with severe chronic hepatitis or posthepatitic cirrhosis had malnutrition to varying degrees. The nutritional support treatment could obviously improve the nutritional status of these patients, and was helpful to ameliorate the liver function of the patients with severe chronic hepatitis. Among the methods of nutritional support treatment, PN combined with EN had the best effectiveness.
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The therapeutic effectiveness of nutritional support in the treatment of severe chronic hepatitis and posthepatitic cirrhosis was evaluated. 143 patients with severe chronic hepatitis and 83 with posthepatitic cirrhosis were evaluated with SGA for assessing the nutritional status before the treatment. Patients with severe chronic hepatitis were divided into three groups: group A subject to enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN), group B subject to comprehensive treatment (CT)+PN; group C subject to CT+EN. The patients with posthepatitic cirrhosis were divided into two groups: group D receiving CT and group E receiving CT+PN+EN. The function of liver and kidney and nutritional status were monitored to assess the therapy in 6 weeks. The results showed before treatment, over 90 % patients had moderate to severe malnutrition. After nutritional support, the liver function (ALT, T-bil) and nutritional status (TP, TC) in group A was improved significantly as compared with that in groups B and C (P<0.05). Compared with group D, the values of TP and Alb were increased significantly in group E (P<0.05), but the levels of ALT, AST and T-bil had no obvious change. It was suggested that most patients with severe chronic hepatitis or posthepatitic cirrhosis had malnutrition to varying degrees. The nutritional support treatment could obviously improve the nutritional status of these patients, and was helpful to ameliorate the liver function of the patients with severe chronic hepatitis. Among the methods of nutritional support treatment, PN combined with EN had the best effectiveness.