Effect of Guanxin Danshen Dripping Pills on Coronary Heart Disease Comorbid with Depression or Anxiety: The ADECODE-Real World Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of Guanxin Danshen Dripping Pill (GXDSDP) in treating anxiety and depression in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: A total of 1,428 patients diagnosed with CHD screened for anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) at baseline received 0.4 g of GXDSDP treatment 3 times per day and returned for monthly reassessment. Patients were recruited after stable treatment for CHD and received assessment of General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) for evaluating anxiety, depression, and QOL. Patients were followed up 3 times, once every 4 weeks, during outpatient visits for 12 weeks. RESULTS: At the third follow-up (F3), the anxiety symptom of 63.79% (673/1,055) of the patients improved to sub-clinical level, and the GAD-7 score improved significantly (8.11 vs. 3.87, P<0.01); 57.52% (585/1,017) patients' depressive symptoms improved to sub-clinical level, with a significant improvement in PHQ-9 score (8.69 vs. 4.41, P<0.01) at F3. All aspects of QOL significantly improved at the end of treatment compared to those at baseline (all P<0.01) as assessed by SAQ: physical limitation (31.17 vs. 34.14), anginal stability (2.74 vs. 4.14), anginal frequency (8.16 vs. 9.10), treatment satisfaction (13.43 vs. 16.29), and disease perception (8.69 vs. 11.02). CONCLUSIONS: A fixed dosage of GXDSDP may be a potential treatment option for CHD patients comorbid with anxiety or depression. (Registration No. ChiCTR2100051523).

Guanxin Danshen Dripping Pills Improve Quality of Life and Cardiovascular Prognoses of CHD Patients after PCI with Anxiety or Depression (GLAD Study): A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Guanxin Danshen Dripping Pills (GXDS) in the treatment of depression or anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: From September 2017 to June 2019, 200 CHD patients after PCI with depression and anxiety were included and randomly divided into GXDS (100 cases) and placebo control groups (100 cases) by block randomization and a random number table. Patients in the GXDS and control groups were given GXDS and placebo, respectively, 0.4 g each time, 3 times daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were scores of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Scale (GAD-7) and the Seattle Angina Pectoris Scale (SAQ). The secondary outcomes included 12 Health Survey Summary Form (SF-12) scores and the first onset time and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Other indices including blood pressure, blood lipids, microcirculation and inflammatory-related indices, etc. were monitored at baseline, week 4, and week 12. RESULTS: In the full analysis set (200 cases), after treatment, the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores in the GXDS group were considerably lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the baseline, the total PHQ-9 scores of the experimental and control groups decreased by 3.97 and 1.18, respectively. The corrected mean difference between the two groups was -2.78 (95% CI: -3.47, -2.10; P<0.001). The total GAD-7 score in the GXDS group decreased by 3.48% compared with the baseline level, while that of the placebo group decreased by 1.13%. The corrected mean difference between the two groups was -2.35 (95% CI: -2.95, -1.76; P<0.001). The degree of improvement in SAQ score, SF-12 score, endothelin and high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels in the GXDS group were substantially superior than those in the placebo group, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Similar results were obtained in the per protocol population analysis of 177 patients. Three cases of MACES were reported in this study (1 in the GXDS group and 2 in the placebo group), and no serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: GXDS can significantly alleviate depression and anxiety, relieve symptoms of angina, and improve quality of life in patients with CHD after PCI. (Registration No. ChiCTR1800014291).

Effects of acarbose on cardiovascular and diabetes outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance (ACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The effect of the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance is unknown. We aimed to assess whether acarbose could reduce the frequency of cardiovascular events in Chinese patients with established coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance, and whether the incidence of type 2 diabetes could be reduced. METHODS: The Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation (ACE) trial was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 4 trial, with patients recruited from 176 hospital outpatient clinics in China. Chinese patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance were randomly assigned (1:1), in blocks by site, by a centralised computer system to receive oral acarbose (50 mg three times a day) or matched placebo, which was added to standardised cardiovascular secondary prevention therapy. All study staff and patients were masked to treatment group allocation. The primary outcome was a five-point composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, hospital admission for unstable angina, and hospital admission for heart failure, analysed in the intention-to-treat population (all participants randomly assigned to treatment who provided written informed consent). The secondary outcomes were a three-point composite outcome (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke), death from any cause, cardiovascular death, fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction, fatal or non-fatal stroke, hospital admission for unstable angina, hospital admission for heart failure, development of diabetes, and development of impaired renal function. The safety population comprised all patients who received at least one dose of study medication. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00829660, and the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry, number ISRCTN91899513. FINDINGS: Between March 20, 2009, and Oct 23, 2015, 6522 patients were randomly assigned and included in the intention-to-treat population, 3272 assigned to acarbose and 3250 to placebo. Patients were followed up for a median of 5·0 years (IQR 3·4-6·0) in both groups. The primary five-point composite outcome occurred in 470 (14%; 3·33 per 100 person-years) of 3272 acarbose group participants and in 479 (15%; 3·41 per 100 person-years) of 3250 placebo group participants (hazard ratio 0·98; 95% CI 0·86-1·11, p=0·73). No significant differences were seen between treatment groups for the secondary three-point composite outcome, death from any cause, cardiovascular death, fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction, fatal or non-fatal stroke, hospital admission for unstable angina, hospital admission for heart failure, or impaired renal function. Diabetes developed less frequently in the acarbose group (436 [13%] of 3272; 3·17 per 100 person-years) compared with the placebo group (513 [16%] of 3250; 3·84 per 100 person-years; rate ratio 0·82, 95% CI 0·71-0·94, p=0·005). Gastrointestinal disorders were the most common adverse event associated with drug discontinuation or dose changes (215 [7%] of 3263 patients in the acarbose group vs 150 [5%] of 3241 in the placebo group [p=0·0007]; safety population). Numbers of non-cardiovascular deaths (71 [2%] of 3272 vs 56 [2%] of 3250, p=0·19) and cancer deaths (ten [<1%] of 3272 vs 12 [<1%] of 3250, p=0·08) did not differ between groups. INTERPRETATION: In Chinese patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance, acarbose did not reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, but did reduce the incidence of diabetes. FUNDING: Bayer AG.

Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin in patients from mainland China with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A subgroup analysis from the ROCKET AF trial.

BACKGROUND: The ROCKET AF study evaluated once-daily rivaroxaban versus dose-adjusted warfarin for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). In this analysis, we compared rivaroxaban with warfarin in patients with AF from China, East Asia, and the rest of the world (ROW). METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed baseline demographics and interaction of treatment effects of rivaroxaban versus warfarin among patients from mainland China, other East Asian countries, and ROW. Of the 14,236 patients enrolled in the per-protocol population, 495 were from mainland China, 433 from other East-Asian regions, and 13,308 from the rest of the world (ROW). At baseline, patients from China had significantly higher rates of previous stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) compared with patients from other East Asian regions and ROW (79.6%, 44.6%, 51.6% respectively; p<0.0001) and lower rates of VKA use (33.7%, 66.7%, 63.4%, respectively; p<0.0001). The rates of stroke or systemic embolism among those on warfarin while on treatment was 5.23% in patients from China, 1.82% in those from other East Asian regions, and 2.07% from ROW; on rivaroxaban, the rates were 2.29% in patients from China, 1.86% in those from other east Asian regions, and 1.67% from ROW. There were no significant treatment-by-region interactions for any efficacy or safety outcome (all p>0.12). Numerically higher rates of intracranial bleeding were seen in patients from China receiving warfarin versus rivaroxaban. CONCLUSIONS: In patients from China, rates of intracranial hemorrhage were numerically lower among those receiving rivaroxaban and consistent with the overall trial. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier: NCT00403767.

Dynamics of endogenous endothelial progenitor cells homing modulated by physiological ischaemia training.

OBJECTIVE: To locate and trace endogenous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in rabbits subjected to myocardial ischaemia and/or physiological ischaemia training. METHODS: Rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: a myocardial ischaemia group (subjected to myocardial ischaemia only); a physiological ischaemia training group (subjected to physiological ischaemia training only); a physiological ischaemia training-myocardial ischaemia group (subjected to both myocardial ischaemia and physiological ischaemia training); and a sham-operated group. Myocardial ischaemia was induced experimentally by a 2-min ischaemia, followed by a 1-h reperfusion. Physiological ischaemia training involved a 4-min isometric contraction elicited by electrical stimulation (biphase square wave, 40 Hz, 1 ms), which generated a contraction force at 40% of the maximal isometric contraction force. Myocardial ischaemia I and/or physiological ischaemia training were performed twice a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Capillary densities and EPC levels in both blood and the ischaemic heart region were then measured. EPCs were traced by double-labelling with super paramagnetic iron oxide and chloromethyl-benzamidodialkylcarbocyanine. RESULTS: EPC levels in the blood and the ischaemic heart region both improved significantly in the physiological ischaemia training-myocardial ischaemia group (mean 0.046% (standard deviation (SD) 0.007), 0.013% (SD 0.005)) and group myocardial ischaemia (mean 0.038% (SD 0.016), 0.008% (SD 0.004)). For the physiological ischaemia training group, moderately raised EPCs were found in the blood (0.026 ± 0.010%), but not in the heart. Capillary density increased in the physiological ischaemia training-myocardial ischaemia and myocardial ischaemia groups. The dual-labelled EPCs were confirmed in the ischaemic heart region. Pearson's analysis demonstrated that there is a positive correlation between EPC levels in the blood and the heart region (p < 0.05), and between circulating EPCs and the capillary (p < 0.05) for the physiological ischaemia training-myocardial ischaemia group. CONCLUSION: Physiological ischaemia training can effectively improve endogenous EPCs. Their homing process from the circulating blood to the ischaemic myocardium was clearly traced in this study on rabbits. This homing process is of great importance for remote neovascularization.

Rationale for and design of the Acarbose Cardiovascular Evaluation (ACE) trial.

Patients with cardiovascular disease and impaired glucose tolerance are at increased risk of cardiovascular events and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Lifestyle modification or pharmacological intervention can delay progression to T2DM, but there is no clear evidence that they reduce cardiovascular risk in this population. Acarbose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor that lowers postprandial blood glucose, has been shown to reduce T2DM risk by 25%, and possibly cardiovascular risk in impaired glucose tolerance subjects without cardiovascular disease.

[A cross-sectional study of factors related to traditional Chinese medicine use for hospitalized acute coronary syndrome patients in China's level 2 hospitals].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the current status on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) use for hospitalized acute coronary syndrome patients in China's level 2 hospitals, and to explore associated factors of TCM use for these patients. METHODS: This survey was performed in 102 level 2 hospitals from 15 provinces or autonomous region in China. Patients admitted to these hospitals with acute coronary syndrome during September 2011 to May 2012 were eligible for this study. Information on TCM use was obtained from their medical records. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to explore the related factors of TCM use in these patients. RESULTS: We recruited 5 432 acute coronary syndrome patients in this study, TCM was applied to 3 503 patients (64.5%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that pre-hospital TCM use was positively related with in-hospital TCM use (OR = 2.08, P < 0.01) , while pre-hospital use of 4 medicines recommended by the guidelines(including aspirin/clopidogrel, ß acceptor blocker, stain and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin converting enzyme receptor blocker ), being a smoker and diagnosis of myocardial infarction rather than unstable angina at hospital discharge were negatively related with in-hospital TCM use (the ORs were 0.58, 0.78 and 0.71, respectively, all P < 0.01). The TCM use varied significantly between regions. Taking southwest region as a reference, the ORs varied between 2.98-13.37 (all P < 0.01) in eastern China, south China, central China, north China, northwest and northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS: TCM is widely used in hospitalized acute coronary syndrome patients in China's resource-constrained level 2 hospitals. Pre-hospital TCM use is positively correlated with in-hospital TCM use for these patients.

Residual macrovascular risk in 2013: what have we learned?

Cardiovascular disease poses a major challenge for the 21st century, exacerbated by the pandemics of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. While best standards of care, including high-dose statins, can ameliorate the risk of vascular complications, patients remain at high risk of cardiovascular events. The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3i) has previously highlighted atherogenic dyslipidaemia, defined as the imbalance between proatherogenic triglyceride-rich apolipoprotein B-containing-lipoproteins and antiatherogenic apolipoprotein A-I-lipoproteins (as in high-density lipoprotein, HDL), as an important modifiable contributor to lipid-related residual cardiovascular risk, especially in insulin-resistant conditions. As part of its mission to improve awareness and clinical management of atherogenic dyslipidaemia, the R3i has identified three key priorities for action: i) to improve recognition of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in patients at high cardiometabolic risk with or without diabetes; ii) to improve implementation and adherence to guideline-based therapies; and iii) to improve therapeutic strategies for managing atherogenic dyslipidaemia. The R3i believes that monitoring of non-HDL cholesterol provides a simple, practical tool for treatment decisions regarding the management of lipid-related residual cardiovascular risk. Addition of a fibrate, niacin (North and South America), omega-3 fatty acids or ezetimibe are all options for combination with a statin to further reduce non-HDL cholesterol, although lacking in hard evidence for cardiovascular outcome benefits. Several emerging treatments may offer promise. These include the next generation peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα agonists, cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors and monoclonal antibody therapy targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. However, long-term outcomes and safety data are clearly needed. In conclusion, the R3i believes that ongoing trials with these novel treatments may help to define the optimal management of atherogenic dyslipidaemia to reduce the clinical and socioeconomic burden of residual cardiovascular risk.

Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients.

BACKGROUND: The clinically appropriate duration of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients with acute medical illnesses is unknown. In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral rivaroxaban administered for an extended period, as compared with subcutaneous enoxaparin administered for a standard period, followed by placebo. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients 40 years of age or older who were hospitalized for an acute medical illness to receive subcutaneous enoxaparin, 40 mg once daily, for 10±4 days and oral placebo for 35±4 days or to receive subcutaneous placebo for 10±4 days and oral rivaroxaban, 10 mg once daily, for 35±4 days. The primary efficacy outcomes were the composite of asymptomatic proximal or symptomatic venous thromboembolism up to day 10 (noninferiority test) and up to day 35 (superiority test). The principal safety outcome was the composite of major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 8101 patients underwent randomization. A primary efficacy outcome event occurred in 78 of 2938 patients (2.7%) receiving rivaroxaban and 82 of 2993 patients (2.7%) receiving enoxaparin at day 10 (relative risk with rivaroxaban, 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71 to 1.31; P=0.003 for noninferiority) and in 131 of 2967 patients (4.4%) who received rivaroxaban and 175 of 3057 patients (5.7%) who received enoxaparin followed by placebo at day 35 (relative risk, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.96; P=0.02). A principal safety outcome event occurred in 111 of 3997 patients (2.8%) in the rivaroxaban group and 49 of 4001 patients (1.2%) in the enoxaparin group at day 10 (P<0.001) and in 164 patients (4.1%) and 67 patients (1.7%) in the respective groups at day 35 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In acutely ill medical patients, rivaroxaban was noninferior to enoxaparin for standard-duration thromboprophylaxis. Extended-duration rivaroxaban reduced the risk of venous thromboembolism. Rivaroxaban was associated with an increased risk of bleeding. (Funded by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals and Janssen Research and Development; MAGELLAN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00571649.).

A multi-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel group study to evaluate the effects of two different doses of losartan on morbidity and mortality in Chinese patients with symptomatic heart failure intolerant of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor treatment.

BACKGROUND: There have been no mortality/morbidity endpoint studies with losartan in Chinese heart failure patients. The objective was to evaluate the effects of high-dose vs. low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in Chinese subjects with heart failure. METHODS: This study was a post hoc analysis of the Heart failure Endpoint evaluation of Angiotensin II Antagonist losartan (HEAAL) trial (n = 545). Chinese adults with symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association (NYHA) II-IV) intolerant of treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were randomized to losartan 150 mg or 50 mg daily. The primary endpoint was the composite event rate of all-cause death or hospitalization for heart failure. Safety and tolerability were assessed. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 4.8 years. Baseline characteristics were generally similar to the overall HEAAL cohort. Overall, 120 (44.1%) subjects in the losartan 150 mg group and 137 (50.2%) subjects in the losartan 50 mg group died (any cause) or were hospitalized for heart failure (hazard ratio (OR) 0.807, 95%CI 0.631 - 1.031). There were no notable differences between treatment groups in the proportion of subjects with adverse experiences. CONCLUSION: The results of this post hoc analysis in Chinese subjects, although not powered to show significance, were generally consistent with the main study results, which demonstrated a significantly reduced risk of all cause death or hospitalization for heart failure with daily losartan 150 mg vs. losartan 50 mg in subjects with symptomatic heart failure and intolerance to ACE inhibitors, supporting the use of the higher dose for optimum clinical benefit.

Influence of fastigial nucleus stimulation on heart rate variability of surgically induced myocardial infarction rats: fastigial nucleus stimulation and autonomous nerve activity.

Electrical stimulation of the rostal cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FNS) has been proved to have neuroprotective effects, but it is not known whether FNS also has a cardioprotective effect. One hundred Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups, including a sham-operation group (Sham group), rats whose coronary arteries were ligated but the FNs were sham stimulated (AMI group), rats in which both coronary arteries were ligated and FNs were stimulated (FNS group), and rats whose fastigial nuclei were lesioned 5 days before ligation, then their coronary arteries were ligated and FNs were stimulated (FNL group). Heart rate variability parameters were monitored 6 h, 24 h, 7 days and 21 days after ligation, and mortality rates, hemodynamic parameters and infarction sizes were compared after 21 days. FNS improved the survival of rats, and this may be due to the increased vagal and decreased sympathetic tone. FN stimulation does not affect infarction size and hemodynamic parameters. FN stimulation may have a protective effect on surgically induced myocardial infarction rats.

[Analysis of therapeutic effects of rural patients with hypertension by combination administration of low dosage of hydrochlorothiazide and nitrendipine].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of combination administration of hydrochlorothiazide and nitrendipine at low dosage in the treatment of rural hypertension patients. METHODS: By the method of cluster random sampling, 5292 primary hypertension patients from Fuxin, Liaoning Province were divided into health education group (control group) and drug intervention group in June 2006. The drug intervention group were treated with hydrochlorothiazide, nitrendipine and captopril by stepwise approach and we observe the antihypertensive effect of drug and the effect on the onset of stroke. RESULTS: The average follow-up time was 15 months. At last, 308 patients were lost to follow-up (the lost follow-up rate was 5.8 percent). The 4984 in cohort, including 2530 of intervention group and 2454 of control group, had examination of all indicators. Through health education and drug intervention, the average blood pressure in drug intervention group decreased by 16.1/9.4 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) while the average blood pressure in control group decreased by 6.7/3.5 mm Hg. The control rate of blood pressure in drug intervention group was higher than control group (33.1% vs. 15.1%, P < 0.001). Through drug intervention, the morbidity risk of nonfatal stroke in drug intervention group decreased by 57.3% compared to control group, the total morbidity risk of stroke decreased by 59.4%. The results had significant statistical difference. And, the morbidity of severe hypopotassaemia (K(+) < 3.0 mmol/L) and diabetes mellitus had no significant statistical difference between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The low-cost antihypertensive program based on thiazide had good antihypertensive effect, high safety and good cost-effect ratio. The program could be used in rural areas of China.

[Effect of compound paeonol dripping pill on levels of plasma inflammatory mediators in patients with unstable angina].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of Compound Paeonol Dripping Pill (CPDP) and its effect on the levels of plasma inflammatory mediators, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). METHODS: Ninety patients with unstable angina were randomized by enveloping method into 3 groups equally, the conventional Western therapy group (A), the CPDP group (B), and the Tongxinluo group (C). The improvement of angina pectoris symptoms and electrocardiogram (ECG) was observed after 2 weeks of treatment and the levels of plasma CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 were measured before and after treatment. RESULTS: The total effective rate in improving angina pectoris was 93.3% in Group B, significantly higher than that in Group A (73.3%, P <0.01) and Group C (76.7%, P <0.05), while no significant difference of ECG improvement rate was found between the three groups (P >0.05). Plasma total cholesterol and inflammation indexes were significantly lowered after treatment in Group B (P <0.05), showing a significant difference to those in the other two groups (P <0.05), but the indexes were unchanged in the other two groups (P >0.05). CONCLUSION: Effect of CPDP is better in relieving symptoms, depressing inflammatory reaction for treatment of unstable angina patients than that of Tonxinluo Capsule and conventional Western treatment.

The accelerating epidemic of hypertension among rural Chinese women: results from Liaoning Province.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to assess prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and its risk factors in rural women in Liaoning Province in northeast China. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 23,178 women of minimum age 35 years, living in rural Liaoning province in northeast China. We measured their blood pressure (BP) and investigated associated factors. Hypertension was defined as an average systolic BP > or =140 mm Hg, and/or an average diastolic BP > or =90 mm Hg, and/or self-report of current treatment for hypertension with antihypertensive medication. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypertension in this study was 38.6%. Among those with hypertension, 32.8% were aware that they had high BP, 27.4% were being treated with antihypertensive medications, and in 1.4% of the women the hypertension was controlled. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher age, Mongolian ethnicity, higher body mass index (BMI), higher waist circumference (WC), excessive salt intake, smoking, alcohol consumption, lipid disorder, diabetes, and family history of hypertension were associated with the prevalence of hypertension; a higher level of education (high school or beyond) and a higher income level were inversely related to hypertension prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hypertension is highly prevalent in rural women in Liaoning province and it is associated with known risk factors. There are unacceptably low percentages of those with hypertension who are aware of their condition, are receiving treatment, and in whom hypertension is controlled. Our study suggests the urgent need for a public health program to improve the prevention, detection, and treatment of hypertension in rural Chinese women.

[Progress in therapeutic principles and the characteristics of strategies for treatment of hypertension and its changes in China].

To briefly introduce the updated principles for treatment of hypertension by reviewing foreign literatures in point of this aspect and its progress. The strategies of hypertension treatment in our country experienced the development from "non-principles (NP)", "partial principles (PP)" to "full principles (FP)", and already realized five conversions, i.e. the conversion from simply depress the blood pressure to multi-drugs, multi-targets and multi-pathways comprehensive therapy, and put stress on both prevention and treatment. The authors emphasized that NP should be rejected completely, and population proportion of PP, especially FP used should be elevated in hypertension treatment in the future.