The Effects of Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Radiation on Cochlear Stria Marginal Cells in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

To investigate the possible mechanisms for biological effects of 1,800 MHz mobile radiofrequency radiation (RFR), the radiation-specific absorption rate was applied at 2 and 4 W/kg, and the exposure mode was 5 min on and 10 min off (conversation mode). Exposure time was 24 h short-term exposure. Following exposure, to detect cell DNA damage, cell apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the Comet assay test, flow cytometry, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride) staining, and a fluorescent probe were used, respectively. Our experiments revealed that mobile phone RFR did not cause DNA damage in marginal cells, and the rate of cell apoptosis did not increase (P > 0.05). However, the production of ROS in the 4 W/kg exposure group was greater than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that mobile phone energy was insufficient to cause cell DNA damage and cell apoptosis following short-term exposure, but the cumulative effect of mobile phone radiation still requires further confirmation. Activation of the ROS system plays a significant role in the biological effects of RFR. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Shikonin suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in endometrioid endometrial cancer cells via modulating miR-106b/PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, which exerts anticancer effects in various cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of shikonin against endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) have not yet been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated anticancer effects of shikonin on EEC cells and explored the underlying molecular mechanism. We observed that shikonin inhibits proliferation in human EEC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, shikonin-induced apoptosis was characterized by the up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins cleaved-Caspase-3 and Bax, and the down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Microarray analyses demonstrated that shikonin induces many miRNAs' dysregulation, and miR-106b was one of the miRNAs being most significantly down-regulated. miR-106b was identified to exert procancer effect in various cancers, but in EEC remains unclear. We first confirmed that miR-106b is up-regulated in EEC tissues and cells, and knockdown of miR-106b suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis. Meanwhile, our results validated that the restored expression of miR-106b abrogates the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of shikonin. We also identified that miR-106b targets phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor gene, which in turn modulates AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings indicated that shikonin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in human EEC cells by modulating the miR-106b/PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, suggesting shikonin could act a potential therapeutic agent in the EEC treatment.

Effect of hemicellulose from rice bran on low fat meatballs chemical and functional properties.

The paper study the functional properties of hemicellulose B (RBHB) and rice bran insoluble dietary fibre (RBDF) to develop an acceptable low fat meat product enriched with high content fibre from defatted rice bran. Meatballs were produced with three different formulations including 2%, 4% and 6% RBHB or RBDF addition. The total trans fatty acids were lower and the ratio of total unsaturated fatty acids to total saturated fatty acids was higher in the samples with added RBHB than in the control meatballs. Meatballs containing RBHB had lower concentrations of total fat and total trans fatty acids than the control samples. Sensory evaluations revealed that meatballs with 2%, 4% and 6% RBHB were overall acceptable. This confirms that the RBHB preparation from defatted rice bran has great potential in food applications, especially in development of functional foods including functional meat products.

Having a promising efficacy on type II diabetes, it's definitely a green tea time.

The beneficial effects of green tea have been confirmed in various diseases, such as different types of cancer, heart disease, and liver disease. The effective components of green tea mainly include tea polysaccharides and tea polyphenols, such as catechin, particularly (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Increasing in vivo and in vitro evidences have explored the potential molecular mechanisms of green tea as well as the specific biological actions. Moreover, clinical trials have also explored the potential value of green tea components in treating metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This study explores the effects of the two major green tea components on the improvement of type II diabetes. It is concluded that regular consumption of green tea is beneficial for the improvement of high-fat dietary-induced obesity and type II diabetes.

An aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand acts on dendritic cells and T cells to suppress the Th17 response in allergic rhinitis patients.

A predominant Th17 population is a marker of allergic rhinitis (AR). The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) exhibits strong immunomodulation potential via regulation of the differentiation of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) after activation by its ligand, such as 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE). The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of AhR on Th17 differentiation by investigating the action of ITE on DCs and CD4(+) T cells from patients with AR. In all, 26 AR patients and 12 healthy controls were included in this study. The expression of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 in the culture supernatant and the presence of Th17 cells in CD4(+) T cells and DC-CD4(+) T-cell co-culture system were measured before and after treatment with ITE. We show that ITE significantly induced cell secretion of IL-10 and inhibited IL-1ß and IL-6 production in DCs, and promoted IL-10 production and suppressed IL-17 expression in CD4(+) T cells in vitro. It also suppressed the expansion of Th17 cells in vitro. Our work demonstrates that ITE acts on DCs and CD4(+) T cells to inhibit the Th17 response that suppresses AR; the AhR-DC-Th17 axis may be an important pathway in the treatment of AR. ITE, a nontoxic AhR ligand, attenuated the Th17 response; thus, it appears to be a promising therapeutic candidate for suppressing the inflammatory responses associated with AR.

Downstream carcinogenesis signaling pathways by green tea polyphenols: a translational perspective of chemoprevention and treatment for cancers.

Green tea is one of the most popular beverages around the world. For several decades, numerous epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that green tea polyphenols (GTPs), especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have cancer-preventing effects on various cancers. In this review, we present inhibition of carcinogenesis in different animal models by GTPs or EGCG, including prostate cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, intestinal cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, oral cancer and skin cancer. In vitro studies showed that GTPs/EGCG potently induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and suppresses metastasis in tumor cells but not in their normal cell counterparts. The molecular mechanisms of these activities are discussed in detail to elucidate GTPs/EGCG downstream carcinogenesis signaling pathways and their values of perspective of chemoprevention and treatment for cancers.

[Change of peripheral blood appetite regulation factor of anorexia children and infect of child anorexia granule].

Study the infect of child anorexia granule on serum ghrelin and leptin of anorexia children and its clinical efficacy. Selected 81 cases of anorexia children aged 1-6 years old into treatment group (42 cases) and control group (39 cases), in addition, 30 case healthy children as healthy control group. The control group children were treated with domperidone suspension 0.3 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), tid, orally 30 minutes before meals. Treatment group were treated with child anorexia granule, 1-3 years 1 package, bid; 4-6 years 1 package, tid; po, 4 weeks as a course of treatment. Study the change of serum ghrelin and leptin before and after therapy. The study demonstrates that before treatment, the serum ghrelin level of disease group was lower than healthy group (P < 0.01), and the serum leptin level was higher than healthy group (P < 0.01). After treatment, the serum ghrelin level both increase, and the serum leptin decline. And the change of treatment group was significantly different with control group (P < 0.01). And the clinical effective rate are 95.23% and 74.35% (P < 0.01). After 6 months of follow-up visit, the children weight significantly increase in treatment group (P < 0.01). Results indicate that child anorexia granule can facilitate secretion of ghrelin, and inhibit secretion of leptin, so as to work up an appetite. And the molecular mechanism is its infect on serum ghrelin, leptin.

[Study on clinical efficacy of combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in treatment of pit viper bites and peripheral blood inflammatory factors].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in the treatment of patient bitten by agkistrodon halys pallas, and the changes in peripheral blood inflammatory factors (hs-PCR, IL-6, TNF-alpha). METHOD: Ninty-eight patients were divided into three groups according to their hospitalization dates: the western medicine group, in which 32 patients were treated with antivenom serum (6 000 U) for five days, once every day; the traditional Chinese medicine group, in which 32 patients were treated with anti pit viper No. 2 concentrated decoction (300 mL), twice to three times every day, for five days; and the combined traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine group, in which 35 patients were treated with the combination of Chinese and Western medicine treatment described above. Then blood samples of all of patients were obtained, and serum factors (hs-PCR, IL-6, TNF-alpha) in peripheral blood were measured by Elisa assay. Another 30 health volunteers were chosen as the normal control group. RESULT: The serum inflammatory factors were significantly higher in all patients of the three groups than that in healthy control before treatment (P < 0.01), and decreased significantly after treatment. In particular, the more remarkable reduction was found in the combined traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine group compared with the western medicine group and the traditional medicine group (P < 0.01). Symptom elimination in the three groups was superior to the western medicine group and the traditional medicine group at the first day and the third day of treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Total clinical effective rate was 100% in the combined traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine group, 84. 37% in the traditional medicine group and 65.62% in the western medicine group, the clinical effective rate of the combined traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine group was notably superior to that of the western medicine group and the traditional medicine group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The serum inflammatory factors increased significantly in patients bitten by agkistrodon halys pallas. Treatment with the combined traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine can significantly decrease the serum inflammatory factors, and increase clinical effect, with more obvious clinical efficacy compared with the western medicine group and the traditional medicine group.

[Impacts on the appetite regulating factors of infantile anorexia treated with acupuncture at Sifeng (EX-UE 10)].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the dynamic change and clinical efficacy of acupuncture at Sifeng (EX-UE 10) on appetite regulating factors in the serum of infantile anorexia. METHODS: Eighty cases, in compliance with the diagnostic criteria, aged from 3 to 6 years were randomized into an acupuncture group and a medication group, 40 cases in each one. Additionally, a healthy control group (30 cases) was set up. In the acupuncture group, the pricking method was adopted at Sifeng (EX-UE 10) with the three-edged needle. A few light yellow, transparent viscous liquid or blood was squeezed out after pricking. The treatment was given once a week, for 4 weeks totally. In the medication group, erkangning syrup was administered, 3 times a day, for 4 weeks totally. The ghrelin, leptin and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the clinical efficacy were observed before and after treatment in each group. RESULTS: The levels of ghrelin and NPY before treatment in acupuncture group and the medication group were lower apparently than those in the healthy control group (all P < 0.01), but the level of leptin was higher appa-rently than that in the healthy control group (P < 0.01). After treatment, the levels of ghrelin and NPY were higher apparently than those before treatment in the acupuncture group (both P < 0.01), and the level of leptin was lower apparently than that before treatment (P < 0.01). All of the above indices in the acupuncture group were improved obviously after treatment as compared with those in the medication group (all P < 0.01). The remarkable and effective rate were 82.5% (33/40) and 32.5% (13/40) and the total effective rate were 95.0% (38/40) and 45.0% (18/40) in the acupuncture group and medication group separately, the results in the acupuncture group were superior to the medication group (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture at Sifeng (EX-UE 10) effectively promotes the secretion of ghrelin and NPY and inhibit leptin. It effectively promotes appetite for the children and the efficacy is superior to erkangning syrup.

Binding of cholesterol and bile acid to hemicelluloses from rice bran.

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using hemicellulose from rice bran to scavenge cholesterol and bile acid in vitro study. This paper demonstrates that rice bran hemicellulose A (RBHA), rice bran hemicellulose B (RBHB) and rice bran hemicellulose C (RBHC) have the potential for binding cholesterol and bile acid. The quantity of cholesterol and bile acid bound varies from one rice bran fibre to another. As it can be inferred from the results of the study, RBHB was characterized by the highest capacity for cholesterol binding, followed by RBHC and RBHA. Binding of cholesterol and bile acid to rice bran insoluble dietary fibre (RBDF) and cellulose from rice bran was found to be poor. Lignin from rice bran was the least active fraction for binding cholesterol and bile acid. This confirms that the RBHB preparation from defatted rice bran has great potential in food applications, especially in the development of functional foods.

[Therapeutic effect of double fill nine tastes soup in treating recurrent respiratory infection (RRI) and change of immune function in children].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of double fill nine tastes soup in treating children recurrent respiratory infection (RRTI) and the change of immune function. METHOD: 77 RRTI patients were randomly selected into observation and control groups. The observation group was treated with Chinese medicine- double fill nine tastes soup,water frying points 2 times oral. The control was treated with transfer factor oral liquid,every 10 mL,2 times daily oral. Treatment periods were both two months. IgA, IgG, IgM and IL-12, TNF-alpha, INF-gamma were detected before and after treatment to assess the clinical effects and the changes of immune factors, meanwhile, a health group was established. RESULT: Before treatment, compared with the health group, the serum IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IL-12, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma in both groups were significantly different (P < 0.01). After treatment, the ratio of IgA, IgG, Ig M, IL-12, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma in two groups were significantly different (P < 0.01). Compared with the recurrence rate and clinical effects, the observation group was better than control, and the differences were significant (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Double fill nine tastes soup has significant effects in treating recurrent respiratory infection (RRI) and enhance the immune function in children.

[Clinical effectiveness and safety of sanchi tong shu capsule in the treatment of aural vertigo: a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of Sanchi Tong Shu capsule in the treatment of common aural vertigo. METHOD: A multi-center randomized controlled trial was designed to study 206 vertigo patients who were randomly allocated into one of the two groups. One group was treated with Sanchi Tong Shu capsule for 14 days, another group was treated with betahistine mesilate tablets for 14 days. RESULT: The clinical effectiveness rates of the two groups were 84.86% and 90.92% respectively according to FAS analysis and 84.76%, 90.92% respectively according to PPS analysis. No statistic significance difference was found between the two groups (P > 0.05). After 14 days treatment, total DHI and all the subsection (including body, emotion and function) scores of the two groups were all decreased compared with treatment before (P < 0.01). Compared the difference value of the total DHI and subsection scores before and after treatment, the two groups have no difference (P > 0.05). The adverse effective rate of the two groups were 3.29% and 7.84% respectively and there was no statistic difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Sanchi Tong Shu capsule is a safe and effective drug for the treatment of common aural vertigo.

[Cytokine changes in community-acquired pneumonia in elderly and intervention of traditional Chinese medicine].

OBJECTIVE: To make a study of the cytokine changes in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly and the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine that can clear away the lung-heat and dissipate blood stasis (Qingfeihuayu soup). METHOD: The 82 cases with CAP in the elderly were divided at random into two treatment group and control group. Based on heteropathy, the treatment group was given Qingfeihuayu soup two times a day. The control group was given Rocephin 2 g once daily for 7 days. The clinical effect and the changes in TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 were observed before and after the treatment. A healthy group was also set up. RESULT: Before treatment, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in both groups were higher than the healthy group (P < 0.01) and IL-10 lower than the healthy group (P < 0.01). After treatment, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in both groups decreased (P < 0.01) while IL-10 in treatment group increased. There existed a great difference compared with the control group (P < 0.01). The total effective rate in the treatment group is 92.50% while the control group is 85.71%. thus have a great difference (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: During the process of the development of CAP in the elderly, there existed the phenomenon of the excessive release of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and the too much inhibition of IL-10. The unbalance of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 can be a monitoring index reflecting the severity of the disease. The Chinese medicine Qingfeihuayu soup has obviously have regulating and clinical effect.

[Effect of modified shegan mahuang decoction on cytokines in children patients with cough and variant asthma].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of modified Shegan Mahuang Decoction (SGMH) on cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-13 in children suffered from cough and variant asthma (C&VA). METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four children with C&VA were randomly assigned to two groups: 79 in the treatment group were medicated orally with SGMH one dose per day taking in twice; 75 in the control group were medicated with Montelukast once a day in dose of 4 mg for children aged from 2 to 5 years and 5 mg for those from 6 to 14 years, the medication for all was given 4 weeks. Serum contents of cytokines, including TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IL-13, in patients were measured before and after treatment. Besides, serum contents of these cytokines in 45 healthy children were measured for control. RESULTS: Serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-3 in the treatment group were 2510 +/- 1500 ng/L and 60.76 +/- 23.67 ng/L, and in the control group, 2890 +/- 1410 ng/L and 61.56 +/- 20.37 ng/L, respectively, all were significantly higher than those of healthy (709 +/- 280 ng/L and 39.49 +/- 3.09 ng/L, P < 0.01); but level of IL-10 was significant lower in the two patient groups than that in control (1546 +/- 1434 ng/L and 1823 +/- 1314 ng/L vs 7123 +/- q2641 ng/L, P < 0.01). After treatment, the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-13 decreased and IL-10 increased significantly in the treatment group, and showed significant different to those in the control group respectively (960 +/- 420 ng/L, 43.67 +/- 12.37 ng/L and 6834 +/- 2216 ng/L vs 2610 +/- 1220 ng/L, 50.56 +/-19.56 ng/L and 2529 +/- 1223 ng/L, P < 0.01). Clinical efficacy between groups also showed that the total effective rate in the treatment group was significantly better (86.07% vs. 42.67%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: SGMH can regulate the serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IL-13, and shows evident clinical effect in treating children's C&VA.

[Effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine on Th1/Th2 cytokines level in children with asthma].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine on Th1/Th2 cytokines level in children with asthma. METHOD: Children with asthma were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. The control group was given Montelukast Sodium tablets for 4 mg (2-5 years old) or 5 mg (6-14 years old), once every night before sleeping. At the same time, the treatment group was given Pingchuan water decoction additionally for one tie per day, in four to six-divided doses for eight weeks. On the other hand, groups of health children were selected as blank control. Before and after treatment, the level of IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-gamma were detected by elisa from 3 mL of venous blood. RESULT: Before treatment, IL-4 and IL-13 in two groups were obviously higher than healthy group, but IFN-gamma was lower (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). After eight weeks, IL-4 and IL-13 in treatment group went down, but IFN-gamma increased. And there were significant different compared with the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Treating children asthma by integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine can obviously reduce IL4 and IL-13, increase IFN-gamma, and therefore lighten the airway inflammation, prevent asthma attacks effectively.

[Epidemiological investigation of perimenopausal women in Shanghai].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the cognitive level and the mental status of the patients suffering from perimenopausal syndrome in Shanghai, and to identify the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome distribution feature of perimenopausal syndrome. METHODS: The cognitive level of the perimenopausal women was evaluated by using general living problem questionnaire. The mental status of the perimenopausal women was evaluated by using self-rating depressive scale. The traditional Chinese medicine syndrome distribution feature of perimenopausal syndrome was identified by using traditional Chinese medical symptoms questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 634 perimenopausal women finished the investigation. There were 74.76% (474/634) patients who knew little about the perimenopausal syndrome; 77.29% (490/634) patients had a depressive tendency; 8.36% (53/634) patients had depressive disorder. There were 72.40% (459/634) patients who had the symptoms such as susceptibility to anger and restlessness, restless sleep at night, thirst with dry throat and bitter taste, and all these symptoms could be classified into hyperactivity of heart and liver fire syndrome. CONCLUSION: Patients suffering from perimenopausal syndrome know little about this disease and mostly have depressive tendency, and the major traditional Chinese medicine syndrome pattern is hyperactivity of heart and liver fire based on the chief clinical manifestations of the patients.

[Sdudy on effect of tripterygium on plasma IL-18 content in patients with lupus nephritis].

OBJECTIVE: It is to study the effect of tripterygium (TW) on the plasma IL-18 content in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and its treatment value. METHOD: The patients with LN treated with prednisone were divided into active groupand inactive group with active index. The active group was given tripterygium additionally. The changing of plasma IL-18 and release of nephritis were observed after treatment for three months. RESULT: The level of plasma IL-18 lowered down obviously, urinary protein decreased, LN activity index, hematuria and renal function improved. CONCLUSION: Tripterygium caninhibitroduction of plasma IL-18. It has definite treatment value on controlling LN activity.

[Effect of triptergium wilfordii polyglycosidium on content of Th1 and Th2 in child recurrent nephrotic syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of triptergium wilfordii polyglycosidium on the content of Th1 and Th2 in the treatment child patients of rcurrent nephrotic syndrome. METHOD: Patients were randomized into treatment group and health group. Sixty-one patients in treatment group were treated with triptergium wilfordii polyglycosidium 1 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) orally tid for 12 weeks. However, patients in health group was not treated with any drugs. Twelve weeks constituted one course of treatment and the content of IL-12, IL-2, TNF-alpha, IL-13, IL-6, IL-4 in peripheral blood was measured before and behind therapy. RESULT: In treatment group, the content of serum cytokines behind therapy was significantly lower than that before therapy, except for IL-12. CONCLUSION: Triptergium wilfordii polyglycosidium could reduce the cytokine level (except for IL-12) of Th1 and Th2, which could lead a therapeutic effect of in the child patients of RNS.

[Effects of immunotherapy with infantile recurrent respiratory tract infection by Chinese materia medica].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Chinese materia medica on immune intervention of infantile recurrent respiratory tract infection. METHOD: Thirty-one children of recurrent respiratory tract infection were randomly divided into two groups: therapy group was treated with oral Chinese materia medica (b. i. d), control group was only treated with oral carboxymethyl liquor (< 4 years, 3 mL; 4-7 years, 5 mL; > 7 years, 7 mL, t. i. d). The change of IL-12,TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-13, IL-6 and IL-4 in different time were observed and analyzes. RESULT: Compared with the control group, the level of IL-12 and IL-2 was significantly increased after treatment of oral Chinese materia medica (P < 0.01), however, the level of TNF-alpha, IL-13, IL-4, and IL-6 was decreased after treatment (P < 0.01). During one years follow-up study, the frequency of respiratory infection every year of therapy group was significantly decreased than that of control group. CONCLUSION: Chinese materia medica could prevent infantile recurrent respiratory tract infection effectively, increase humoral immunity function and ensure normal growth in children.

Fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Allium tuberosum.

The fatty acid compositions of seed oil from ten kinds of Allium tuberosum (Chinese chive, Liliaceae) were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The seed oil of Allium tuberosum contained much important fatty acids with linoleic (57.0-71.6%) and palmitic (6.6-9.7%), the most abundant unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, respectively. The total unsaturation for the oil was 79.2-93.0%. It is concluded that Allium tuberosum oil is of important nutritional value.