Update on Safety Profiles of Vitamins B1, B6, and B12: A Narrative Review.

The neurotropic B vitamins B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin) are essential for proper functioning of the nervous system. Deficiencies may induce neurological disorders like peripheral neuropathy (PN) and mainly occur in vulnerable populations (eg, elderly, diabetics, alcoholics). As epidemiologic cohort studies raised safety concerns about vitamin B6/B12 intake being potentially associated with increased risks of hip fracture (HF) and lung cancer (LC), we explored these aspects and performed comprehensive literature searches. However, we suggest not to neglect actual high-risk factors (eg, smoking in LC, higher age in HF) by focusing on individual nutrients, but to examine the complex interaction of numerous factors involved in disease development. Because it warrants continued consideration, we also provide an update on neurotoxicity associated with vitamin B6. We consider that neurological side effects due to vitamin B6 intake are rare and only occur with high daily doses and/or longer treatment duration. The benefit-risk ratio of high-dose treatment with neurotropic B vitamins in indications like PN is therefore considered advantageous, particularly if dosing recommendations are followed and serum levels monitored.

Effects of dry whey powder and calcium butyrate supplementation of corn/soybean-based diets on productive performance, duodenal histological integrity, and Campylobacter colonization in broilers.

BACKGROUND: Campylobacter is the main cause of gastroenteritis in humans in industrialized countries, and poultry is its principal reservoir and source of human infections. Dietary supplementation of broiler feed with additives could improve productive performance and elicit health benefits that might reduce Campylobacter contamination during primary production. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with whey (a prebiotic) and calcium butyrate (a salt of a short-chain fatty acid) on productive traits, duodenal histological integrity, and Campylobacter colonization and dissemination in broiler chickens during the 42-day rearing period. RESULTS: Six hundred one-day-old Ross-308 chickens were placed into 20 ground pens and assigned to one of 4 corn/soybean-based dietary treatments (5 replicates of 30 chicks per treatment) following a randomized complete block design: 1) basal diet with no supplementation as the control, 2) diet supplemented with 6% dry whey powder, 3) diet containing 0.1% coated calcium butyrate, and 4) diet containing 6% whey and 0.1% calcium butyrate. At age 15 days, 6 chickens per pen were experimentally inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni. The results showed that supplementation of the corn/soybean-based diet with 6% whey alone or, preferably, in combination with 0.1% coated calcium butyrate improved growth and feed efficiency, had a beneficial effect on duodenal villus integrity, and decreased mortality. These favourable effects were particularly significant during the starter period. Six days after oral challenge, Campylobacter was widespread in the flock, and the birds remained positive until the end of the rearing period. Although Campylobacter was not isolated from environmental samples, it was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in dust, air filters, and drinkers while birds shed culturable C. jejuni cells. No differences (p > 0.050) in colonization or shedding levels that could be attributed to the diet were observed during the assay. CONCLUSIONS: Beneficial effects on performance and intestinal health were observed, particularly during the starter period, when chickens were fed a diet supplemented with both whey and coated calcium butyrate. However, none of the tested diets provided the chicks any differential degree of protection against Campylobacter infection.

Monumento a la Revolución Mexicana de 1910 / Monument to the Mexican Revolution of 1910

Luego del largo periodo en el que al general Porfirio Díaz ocupó la Presidencia de la República, cuando se hicieron más evidencias las diferencias en riqueza, educación y bien-estar entre la inmensa mayoría del pueblo y el reducido grupo que, gracias al gobierno porfirista, gozaba de todos los privilegios, a costa de condenar a la miseria a aquel pueblo harto de su pobreza e ignorancia, fueron precisamente esos grupos de clase media los que se dieron cuenta de la falta de liberdade políticas.

Alimentos chatarra en el camino hacia el sobrepeso / Junk food on the road to being overweight

La batalha contra el primer lugar que tiene México de obsidad infantil no es fácil, especialmente cuando en todas las escolas de nuestro país los niños encontarn toda clase de los alimentos llamados "chatarra", ya sea dentro - en las cooperativas - o fuera de los planteles educativos.

Alimentos chatarra en el camino hacia el sobrepeso / Junk food on the road to being overweight

La batalha contra el primer lugar que tiene México de obsidad infantil no es fácil, especialmente cuando en todas las escolas de nuestro país los niños encontarn toda clase de los alimentos llamados "chatarra", ya sea dentro - en las cooperativas - o fuera de los planteles educativos.

Monumento a la Revolución Mexicana de 1910 / Monument to the Mexican Revolution of 1910

Luego del largo periodo en el que al general Porfirio Díaz ocupó la Presidencia de la República, cuando se hicieron más evidencias las diferencias en riqueza, educación y bien-estar entre la inmensa mayoría del pueblo y el reducido grupo que, gracias al gobierno porfirista, gozaba de todos los privilegios, a costa de condenar a la miseria a aquel pueblo harto de su pobreza e ignorancia, fueron precisamente esos grupos de clase media los que se dieron cuenta de la falta de liberdade políticas.

No es mortal, pero sí el constante sufrimiento de los jóvenes / It is not fatal, but the continuing suffering of young people

El acné facial es una infección pustulosa de la piel causada por cambios en las glándulas sebáceas que afeta principalmente la cara, pecho y la espalda.

No es mortal, pero sí el constante sufrimiento de los jóvenes / It is not fatal, but the continuing suffering of young people

El acné facial es una infección pustulosa de la piel causada por cambios en las glándulas sebáceas que afeta principalmente la cara, pecho y la espalda. (AU)

El ataque de la migraña / The attack of migraine

La migraña o jaqueca es una enfermedad crónica de causa no conocida que se manifesta por crisis o ataques repetitivos de cefaleas que suelen tener ciertas caractéristicas tanto de duración (entre 4 y 72 horas), tipo de dolor (pulsátil), asociación a náuseas, fotofobia (molestia a la luz), fonofobia (molestia al ruido) o empeoramiento con la actividad física.

Epidemia invisible: osteoporosis / Epidemia invisible: osteoporosis

la osteoporosis es definida como una enfermedad esquelética sistémica, caracterizada por baja masa ósea y deterioro en la microarquitectura del tejido óseo.

Epidemia invisible: osteoporosis / Epidemia invisible: osteoporosis

la osteoporosis es definida como una enfermedad esquelética sistémica, caracterizada por baja masa ósea y deterioro en la microarquitectura del tejido óseo.

El ataque de la migraña / The attack of migraine

La migraña o jaqueca es una enfermedad crónica de causa no conocida que se manifesta por crisis o ataques repetitivos de cefaleas que suelen tener ciertas caractéristicas tanto de duración (entre 4 y 72 horas), tipo de dolor (pulsátil), asociación a náuseas, fotofobia (molestia a la luz), fonofobia (molestia al ruido) o empeoramiento con la actividad física.

Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas.

To scrutinize the male ancestry of extant Native American populations, we examined eight biallelic and six microsatellite polymorphisms from the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome, in 438 individuals from 24 Native American populations (1 Na Dené and 23 South Amerinds) and in 404 Mongolians. One of the biallelic markers typed is a recently identified mutation (M242) characterizing a novel founder Native American haplogroup. The distribution, relatedness, and diversity of Y lineages in Native Americans indicate a differentiated male ancestry for populations from North and South America, strongly supporting a diverse demographic history for populations from these areas. These data are consistent with the occurrence of two major male migrations from southern/central Siberia to the Americas (with the second migration being restricted to North America) and a shared ancestry in central Asia for some of the initial migrants to Europe and the Americas. The microsatellite diversity and distribution of a Y lineage specific to South America (Q-M19) indicates that certain Amerind populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region, suggesting an early onset for tribalization of Native Americans. Age estimates based on Y-chromosome microsatellite diversity place the initial settlement of the American continent at approximately 14,000 years ago, in relative agreement with the age of well-established archaeological evidence.