MultIethNic Study of BrEast ARterial Calcium Gradation and CardioVAscular Disease: cohort recruitment and baseline characteristics.

PURPOSE: MultIethNic Study of BrEast ARterial Calcium Gradation and CardioVAscular Disease (MINERVA) was designed to answer the question of whether a novel continuous breast arterial calcification (BAC) mass score improves cardiovascular risk stratification among asymptomatic postmenopausal women. This article describes recruitment and baseline characteristics. METHODS: MINERVA is a multiethnic longitudinal cohort study. The phenotype data include BAC mass by densitometry applied to digital mammograms, sociodemographic factors, self-reported medical history, medications, parental history, reproductive history, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, anthropometry, ankle-brachial index, blood pressure, laboratory panel, breast volumes, cognitive function, bioelectrical impedance, habitual diet, dietary supplements, sleep, psychosocial factors, and sun exposure. RESULTS: A total of 5145 women aged 60 to 79 years with available digital, uncompressed mammograms were recruited from the membership of Kaiser Permanente of Northern California between October 24, 2012 and February 13, 2015 and completed a baseline clinic visit or an abbreviated phone questionnaire. Of those, 4153 underwent phlebotomy and have blood biomarkers. Overall prevalence of BAC was 26%, and it varied by age and race. The mean (SD) BAC mass was 12 (23) mg and the range 0-342 mg. CONCLUSIONS: MINERVA is the first cohort with a continuous measure of BAC. The cohort is large, ethnically diverse, and deeply phenotyped in terms of socioeconomic, behavioral, and clinical factors, and blood biomarkers.

Effect of medical oncologists' attitudes on accrual to clinical trials in a community setting.

PURPOSE: Oncology clinical trials (OCTs) are crucial in evaluating new cancer treatments, but only 2% to 3% of US adult patients with cancer enter OCTs. This study assessed barriers to participation in clinical trials among oncologists in a large integrated health care delivery system with an active clinical trials program. Although many studies have identified major physician barriers to enrollment, few have examined how these barriers affect actual trial accrual. METHODS: Using information from a mailed survey, we examined the effect of oncologists' attitudes, beliefs, experiences, sociodemographic factors, and practice characteristics on clinical trial accrual in the 2 years following the survey. We identified relationships between these variables and subsequent clinical trial accrual using correlations and mixed effects models. RESULTS: A construct combining questions that assessed oncologist attitudes, beliefs, and experiences substantially influenced OCT enrollment (r = .51; P < .0001). This construct included awareness of open clinical trials and specific eligible patients, as well as the practice of initiating a discussion about OCTs with most eligible patients. This broad concept of awareness had the greatest correlation with enrollment and mediated the effect on enrollment of other values and beliefs, such as welcoming a patient's initiation of a trial discussion and valuing the support of research nurses and coordinators. CONCLUSION: Even in a health care setting with an active clinical trials program, substantial research personnel, infrastructure support, and widespread access to trials among oncologists and patients, oncologists' participation remains quite variable. Oncologist values, beliefs, and awareness of clinical trials play an important role in OCT accrual.

Plasma leptin levels and coronary artery calcification in older adults.

CONTEXT: Leptin is associated with adiposity and insulin resistance and may play a direct role in vascular calcification. It is unclear, however, whether leptin is an independent predictor of atherosclerotic burden. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association between plasma leptin and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in an ethnically diverse cohort of older adult men and women free of clinical cardiovascular disease. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study with data collection between January 2002 and February 2004 as part of the ADVANCE Study. SETTING: The study was conducted at an integrated health care delivery system in Northern California. PARTICIPANTS: Participants included 949 men and women aged 60-69 yr old. INTERVENTIONS: There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The main outcome measure was CAC by multidetector row computed tomography. RESULTS: In ordinal logistic regression, plasma leptin levels were positively associated with extent of CAC independently of age, race/ethnicity, and smoking status in women (odds ratio of higher CAC for the sex-specific upper tertile vs. lower tertile = 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-3.00) but not in men (odds ratio = 1.29; 95% confidence interval = 0.89-1.86). However, this association was explained by metabolic risk factors and adiposity measures. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a role of leptin on vascular calcification in women but, in our sample of older adults, the association between leptin and CAC was not independent of other cardiac risk factors.