Prolaxis post-exposición para lepra con dosis única de rifampicina: manual para su implementación / Post-exposure prolaxis for leprosy with a single dose of rifampicin: a manual for its implementation

Objetivo: La profilaxis post-exposición de la lepra con dosis única de rifampicina (SDR-PEP) ha demostrado ser efectiva y aplicable y está recomendada por la OMS desde 2018. Esta caja de herramientas SDR-PEP se desarrolló a través de la experiencia de la profilaxis lepra post-eliminación (LPEP). Se ha diseñado para facilitar y estandarizar la implementación del seguimiento de contactos y la administración SDR-PEP en regiones y países que iniciaron la intervención. Resultados: Se desarrollaron cuatro instrumentos, incorporando la evidencia existente actual para SDR-PEP y los métodos y enseñanzas del proyecto LPEP en ocho países. (1) El conjunto de diapositivas Powerpoint política/apoyo que ayudarán a los programadores sobre la evidencia, practicabilidad y recursos necesarios para SDR-PEP, (2) La colección de diapositivas PowerPoint sobre formación e implementación en el campo para formar al personal implicado en el seguimiento de contactos y PEP con SDR, (3) manual genérico de campo SDR-PEP que puede ser usado para formar un protocolo específico de campo para el seguimiento de contactos y SDR-PEP como referencia para el personal directamente implicado. Finalmente, (4) el manual director SDR-PEP, que resume los distintos componentes de la caja de herramientas y contiene las instrucciones para su uso. Conclusión: En respuesta al interés manifestado por varios países de implementar el seguimiento de contactos de lepra con PEP con SDR, con las recomendaciones OMS sobre SDR-PEP, esta caja de herramientas basada en la evidencia concreta pero flexible, ha sido diseñada para servir a los directores de programas nacionales de lepra con un medio práctico para trasladar los planteamientos a la práctica. Está disponible gratuitamente en la página de Infolep y actualizada constantemente: https://www.leprosy-information.org/keytopic/leprosy-post-exposure-prophylaxis-lpep-programme(AU).

Objective: Leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis with single-dose rifampicin (SDRPEP) has proven effective and feasible, and is recommended by WHO since 2018. This SDR-PEP toolkit was developed through the experience of the leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis (LPEP) programme. It has been designed to facilitate and standardise the implementation of contact tracing and SDR-PEP administration in regions and countries that start the intervention. Results: Four tools were developed, incorporating the current evidence for SDRPEP and the methods and learnings from the LPEP project in eight countries. (1) the SDR-PEP policy/advocacy PowerPoint slide deck which will help to inform policy makers about the evidence, practicalities and resources needed for SDR-PEP, (2) the SDR-PEP field implementation training PowerPoint slide deck to be used to train front line staff to implement contact tracing and PEP with SDR, (3) the SDR-PEP generic field guide which can be used as a basis to create a location specific field protocol for contact tracing and SDR-PEP serving as a reference for frontline field staff. Finally, (4) the SDR-PEP toolkit guide, summarising the different components of the toolkit and providing instructions on its optimal use. Conclusion: In response to interest expressed by countries to implement contact tracing and leprosy PEP with SDR in the light of the WHO recommendation of SDRPEP, this evidence-based, concrete yet flexible toolkit has been designed to serve national leprosy programme managers and support them with the practical means to translate policy into practice. The toolkit is freely accessible on the Infolep homepages and updated as required: https://www.leprosy-information.org/keytopic/leprosy-postexposure-prophylaxis-lpep-programme(AU).

Mínima Información esencial para documentar el seguimiento de contactos y dosis única de Rifampicina (SDR) para el control de la Lepra: Guía práctica / No disponible

Hay un renovado interés en el control de la lepra mediante la búsqueda activa de casos, que cada vez más se combina con intervenciones quimioprofilácticas para intentar reducir la transmisión del Mycobacterium leprae. El Programa Profilaxis Post-Exposición a la Lepra (LPEP, en inglés) está activo en ocho países endémicos e implementa la administración de dosis única de rifampicina (SDR, en inglés) a contactos seleccionados de pacientes de lepra. LPEP ha desarrollado un sistema de vigilancia, incluyendo la obtención de datos, reportes y controles rutinarios para cada país participante. Este sistema es todavía en gran parte específico para el programa LPEP. Para facilitar la continuidad después de completar la fase del proyecto y la puesta en marcha en otros países interesados, se intenta identificar la cantidad mínima de datos para documentar adecuadamente las actividades de la búsqueda de contactos y administración SDR para el control de la lepra de forma rutinaria. Se describen cuatro indicadores para el caso índice (además de cuatro ya obtenidos habitualmente) y siete indicadores para el cribaje de convivientes/contactos vecinos y encuestas comunitarias. Se proponen dos formas genéricas para obtener toda la información relevante a nivel de campo y distrito para el seguimiento de individuos o datos si resultara necesario, facilitar directrices para desarrollar las distintas tareas, proporcionar control de calidad al registrar las cuestiones clave para valorar la SDR y facilitar poder informar. Estos impresos genéricos tienen que adaptarse a requerimientos locales en cuanto a diseño, idioma e indicadores operacionales adicionales

In leprosy control there is a renewed interest in active case finding, which is increasingly being combined with chemoprophylactic interventions to try and reduce M. leprae transmission. The Leprosy Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (LPEP) programme, currently ongoing in eight endemic countries, pilots the provision of single-dose rifampicin (SDR) to eligible contacts of leprosy patients. LPEP has developed a surveillance system including data collection, reporting and regular monitoring for every participating country. This system is still largely programm-especific to LPEP. To facilitate continuity after completion of the project phase and start-up in other interested countries, we aim at identifying the minimal set of data required to appropriately document contact tracing activities and SDR administration for leprosy control in a routine setting. We describe four indicators for the index case (plus four already routinely collected) and seven indicators for household/neighbour screening, and community surveys. We propose two generic forms to capture all relevant information required at field and district level to follow-up on individuals or data if needed, provide guidance on the sequence of tasks, provide quality control by listing key questions to assess SDR eligibility, and facilitate reporting. These generic forms have to be adapted to local requirements in terms of layout, language, and additional operational indicators

[Spatial analysis of integrated health and environmental indicators for morbidity and mortality due to infant diarrhea in Brazil, 2010]. / Análise espacial de indicadores integrados de saúde e ambiente para morbimortalidade por diarreia infantil no Brasil, 2010.

The objective of this study was to construct integrated health and environmental indicators for diarrhea in infants (< 1 year of age) in Brazil. The authors used an ecological design, applying the Geo Health model, including the following dimensions: driving force, pressure, state of the environment, and exposure to human health effects. The likelihood of infant hospitalization or death from acute diarrheal disease is highest in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. In the North, hospitalizations and deaths are five times more common than in the Southeast and South. The hospitalization rate for infant diarrhea was associated with the percentage of the population without garbage collection and the mortality rate with the dependency ratio and percentage of residents without garbage collection. The article concludes that sanitation is a persistent environmental problem in North and Northeast Brazil and that a reduction in infant diarrhea requires effective public policies in this area.

Análise espacial de indicadores integrados de saúde e ambiente para morbimortalidade por diarreia infantil no Brasil, 2010 / Spatial analysis of integrated health and environmental indicators for morbidity and mortality due to infant diarrhea in Brazil, 2010 / Análisis espacial de indicadores integrados de salud y ambiente para la morbilidad y mortalidad por diarrea infantil en Brasil, 2010

O objetivo deste estudo é construir indicadores integrados de saúde e ambiente para diarreia em crianças menores de um ano no Brasil. Foi utilizado um desenho de estudo ecológico, com a aplicação do modelo teórico Geo Saúde, que inclui as dimensões: força motriz, pressão, estado do meio ambiente, exposição e efeito à saúde humana. No Brasil, a probabilidade de crianças menores de um ano serem hospitalizadas ou chegarem a óbito por doença diarreica aguda, nas microrregiões brasileiras, é maior naquelas localizadas nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Na Região Norte, as internações e óbitos são mais de cinco vezes maiores que as das regiões Sudeste e Sul, respectivamente. A taxa de internação por diarreia infantil mostrou-se associada com o percentual da população sem coleta de lixo; a taxa de mortalidade com a razão de dependência e percentual de moradores sem coleta de lixo. Conclui-se que o saneamento básico persiste como problema socioambiental nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, e a redução da diarreia infantil depende de políticas públicas nesse setor.

The objective of this study was to construct integrated health and environmental indicators for diarrhea in infants (< 1 year of age) in Brazil. The authors used an ecological design, applying the Geo Health model, including the following dimensions: driving force, pressure, state of the environment, and exposure to human health effects. The likelihood of infant hospitalization or death from acute diarrheal disease is highest in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. In the North, hospitalizations and deaths are five times more common than in the Southeast and South. The hospitalization rate for infant diarrhea was associated with the percentage of the population without garbage collection and the mortality rate with the dependency ratio and percentage of residents without garbage collection. The article concludes that sanitation is a persistent environmental problem in North and Northeast Brazil and that a reduction in infant diarrhea requires effective public policies in this area.

El objetivo de este estudio es la construcción de indicadores integrados de salud y ambiente para la diarrea en menores de un año en Brasil. Se utilizó un diseño de estudio ecológico, con la aplicación del modelo teórico Geo Salud, que incluye las dimensiones: fuerza motriz, presión, estado del medio ambiente y exposición a los efectos la salud humana. En Brasil, la probabilidad de que los menores de un año sean hospitalizados o mueran por enfermedad diarreica aguda llega a las microrregiones de Brasil y es mayor en las regiones Norte y Nordeste. En el Norte, las hospitalizaciones y las muertes son más cinco veces superiores en comparación con el Sureste y Sur, respectivamente. La tasa de hospitalización por diarrea infantil se asoció con el porcentaje de la población sin sistema de recolección de basura; la tasa de mortalidad con la relación de dependencia y el porcentaje de residentes sin recolección de basura. Se concluye que el saneamiento sigue siendo un problema ambiental en las regiones Norte y Nordeste, y la reducción de la diarrea infantil depende de las políticas públicas en este sector.

Wheezing in children and adolescents living next to a petrochemical plant in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between wheezing in children and adolescents and living downwind of the dispersion plume of atmospheric pollutants emitted by the Guamaré Petrochemical Complex, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of wheezing in children and adolescents (aged 0 to 14 years) living in the vicinity of the Guamaré petrochemical complex in 2006. The standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire was used, with additional questions concerning tobacco use, income, living conditions, and educational achievement. Daily concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, black carbon, SO2, NO2, O3, benzene, toluene, and xylenes were measured at a fixed monitoring station. According to their position relative to wind direction, communities present in the area affected by plant emissions were categorized into one of two groups, exposed communities and reference communities. RESULTS: Two hundred and nine children and adolescents took part in the study. Mean daily concentrations of the monitored pollutants were consistently below established acceptable upper limits. The prevalence of wheezing in the 12 months prior to study was 27.3%. After adjustment, statistically significant associations were found between wheezing and living in exposed communities (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 2.01; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.01-4.01), male gender (ORadj 2.50; 95%CI 1.21-5.18), and age 0 to 6 years (ORadj 5.00; 95%CI 2.41-10.39). CONCLUSION: Even with low levels of atmospheric pollutants, respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents were associated with living downwind of a petrochemical plant. Male preschoolers were the most vulnerable group.

Sibilância em crianças e adolescentes vizinhos a uma indústria petroquímica no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Wheezing in children and adolescents living next to a petrochemical plant in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre relato de sibilância em crianças e adolescentes e o local de residência em relação à dispersão dos poluentes atmosféricos emitidos pelo Pólo Petroquímico (PPQ) de Guamaré (RN). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de relato de sibilância em crianças e adolescentes de 0 a 14 anos de idade, residentes no entorno do PPQ de Guamaré, em 2006. Foi utilizado o questionário padronizado do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, acrescido de questões relativas ao tabagismo, renda, moradia e escolaridade. Concentrações diárias de PM10, PM2,5, carbono grafítico, SO2, NO2, O3, benzeno, tolueno e xilenos foram medidas em uma estação de monitoramento fixa. As comunidades residentes na área de influência das emissões do PPQ foram classificadas, segundo a direção preferencial dos ventos, em expostas e de referência. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 209 crianças e adolescentes. As concentrações médias diárias dos poluentes monitorados mantiveram-se abaixo dos limites estabelecidos nos padrões de qualidade do ar. A prevalência de sibilos nos últimos 12 meses foi de 27,3 por cento. Associações estatisticamente significantes com sibilos nos últimos 12 meses foram verificadas mesmo após ajustamentos para comunidades expostas [razão de chances (odds ratio, ORajust) = 2,01; intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento (IC95 por cento) 1,01-4,01], gênero masculino (ORajust = 2,50; IC95 por cento 1,21-5,18) e idade de 0 a 6 anos (ORajust = 5,00; IC95 por cento 2,41-10,39). CONCLUSÃO: Mesmo em baixas concentrações de poluentes atmosféricos, a ocorrência de sintomas respiratórios em crianças e adolescentes nas comunidades no entorno de um PPQ esteve associada a residência na direção preferencial dos ventos, mostrando-se mais vulnerável o grupo de pré-escolares do gênero masculino.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between wheezing in children and adolescents and living downwind of the dispersion plume of atmospheric pollutants emitted by the Guamaré Petrochemical Complex, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of wheezing in children and adolescents (aged 0 to 14 years) living in the vicinity of the Guamaré petrochemical complex in 2006. The standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire was used, with additional questions concerning tobacco use, income, living conditions, and educational achievement. Daily concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, black carbon, SO2, NO2, O3, benzene, toluene, and xylenes were measured at a fixed monitoring station. According to their position relative to wind direction, communities present in the area affected by plant emissions were categorized into one of two groups, exposed communities and reference communities. RESULTS: Two hundred and nine children and adolescents took part in the study. Mean daily concentrations of the monitored pollutants were consistently below established acceptable upper limits. The prevalence of wheezing in the 12 months prior to study was 27.3 percent. After adjustment, statistically significant associations were found between wheezing and living in exposed communities (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 2.01; 95 percent confidence interval [95 percentCI] 1.01-4.01), male gender (ORadj 2.50; 95 percentCI 1.21-5.18), and age 0 to 6 years (ORadj 5.00; 95 percentCI 2.41-10.39). CONCLUSION: Even with low levels of atmospheric pollutants, respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents were associated with living downwind of a petrochemical plant. Male preschoolers were the most vulnerable group.