Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as a new anticancer molecular strategy in breast histology via Her2, IL33, EGFR, and MUC1.

The prevalence of breast cancer among patients in Indonesia is significant. Indonesian individuals maintain the belief that cancer cannot be cured alone by pharmaceuticals and treatment; herbal remedies must be used in conjunction. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, also known as Haramonting, is an indigenous Indonesian medicinal plant renowned for its copious antioxidant properties. The objective of study was to assess the impact of haramonting on breast cancer by examining the expression of various biomarker proteins associated with breast cancer. Haramonting was administered to breast cancer model mice at different doses over a period of 30 days. Subsequently, blood and breast samples were obtained for immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Authors have discovered that there has been a notable rise in the proliferation of epithelial cells in the duct lobes, resulting in the formation of ducts and lobules. Additionally, the researchers discovered that the breasts exhibited distinct clinical and histological alterations. Haramonting possesses the capacity to restore the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to normal levels in the blood serum of rats afflicted with cancer. The histopathological analysis of the breast tissue revealed elevated levels of Her2, IL33, EGFR, and MUC1. The authors also discovered a notable increase in the growth of epithelial cells, with two or more layers of cells reaching towards the centre of the duct. The size of the epithelial cells exhibits variability; however, this state ameliorates with the administration of a dosage of 300 mg/kgBW of this botanical specimen. This study proposes that Haramonting may be effective in treating breast cancer.

Effect of Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Leaf Ethanol Extract on Serum IL-6 and TNF-α Levels in Diabetic Rats.

Background: Hyperglycemia conditions in diabetes mellitus (DM) can turn on pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. These cytokines play a role in insulin resistance and the development of DM complications. People in Indonesia have used Phaleria macrocarpa to treat diabetes, but the leaf of this plant has not been studied to see if it can reduce inflammation. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of ethanolic extract of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves (EEPML) in serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels of diabetic rats. Methods: This study was an experiment with a post-test-only control group design. Thirty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were used in the study. They were split into six groups: K1 was the normal control group; K2 was the DM control group; K3, K4, and K5 were given EEPML at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/KgBW; and K6 was given metformin 45 mg/KgBW orally once a day for 14 days. A high-fat diet and a 30 mg/KgBWi.p injection of streptozotocin were used to make the diabetic rat model. ELISA method for measuring serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels. The Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney test were used to examine the differences between the groups. Results: There were significant differences between treatment groups in the mean levels of serum IL-6 (p=0.017), but there were no significant differences in the mean levels of serum TNF-α (p>0.05). Conclusion: Administration of Phaleria macrocarpa leaf ethanol extract 125 mg/KgBW reduced serum IL-6 levels but could not significantly reduce serum TNF-α levels in diabetic rats.

Anti Inflammatory Action of Allium Sativum Ethanol Extract to Prevent Lung Damage in Smoker Rat Model.

Background: Smoking is the leading cause of death in worldwide and is known as one of the risk factors in the development and pathogenesis of several diseases and most are respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is associated with negative health consequences including respiratory tract infection, asthma, and cancer. One of the pathogenesis that has known to cause these diseases is inflammation. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a medicinal herb that contains Allicin and other active constituents that are known to have anti-inflammatory ability by suppressing the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines that will cause inflammation. Objective: The aim of this study is; to analyze the anti-inflammatory action of Allium sativum ethanol extract to prevent lung damage in the smoker rat model. Methods: This is a case-control study with five groups of rats each group contains of three rats. The five groups were negative control (KN), 10 days (10d) smoker (K1), 20 days (20d) smoker (K2), 20d smoker treated with Allium sativum for 10 days (K3) and 20d smoker treated with Allium sativum for 20 days (K4). After 20 days all animals were sacrificed and histological preparation of lung organs was observed under a microscope with 100 dan 400 times magnification and then captured by photomicrograph for analyzed. Results: There were improvements in lung structure both in group K3 and K4 . there was a decrease of leucocytes and inflammatory cells infiltration that covered almost all alveolar surface to 10-20% surface area and the dilated alveoli decrease from more than 50% to less than 30% area. The bronchus was clean in both two groups compared to the groups that were not treated with Allium sativum. Conclusion: This study shows that Allium sativum ethanol extract has the ability to prevent lung damage in the smoker rat model.

Effect of Garlic Ethanol Extract Administration on Gluthatione Levels to Prevent Oxidative Stress in Smoker Rat Model.

Background: Sickle Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is known as a spice native to western Asia has a strong antioxidant effect and revealed it functions as an antioxidant by increasing ROS-capture activity, cellular antioxidants, SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in cells. Cigarette smoke is very dangerous because it can cause serious illness and death. Cigarette smoke is a major source of exogenous ROS because its particles are high in free radicals. Smoking is also related to a decrease in the body's natural antioxidant levels. Glutathione (GSH) synthesis and expression were found to increase initially and then decrease after being exposed to cigarette smoke. Objective: The aim of this study is; to analyze effect of garlic ethanol extract administration on gluthatione levels to prevent oxidative stress in smoker rat model. Methods: This was a case-control study with a control group design, with 15 healthy rats (Rattus norvegicus, sp.) divided into three groups, KN untreated animals (control), K1 animals exposed to cigarette smoke for 40 days (smoker), and K2 animals exposed to cigarette smoke for 40 days and treated with Allium sativum 0.1 g per day for 40 days (smoker and Allium sativum L.). After 40 days of treatment, all animals, including the control, were sacrificed with 30 mg/IP ketamine injections, and the blood plasma were taken for examination. Results: there were significant difference in glutathione levels between the treatment groups (K2) with the control group (KN) and the smokers group (K1) (p <0.05). Conclusion: garlic ethanol extract administration can increase gluthatione levels and prevent oxidative stress in smoker rat model.

Analysis of Cytochrome c Expression on Liver Histology of Hepatitis Rats after Administration of Tin and Olive Leaf Ethanol Extract.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Hepatitis is a liver illness caused by a viral infection, autoimmune conditions or the use of certain medicines. In molecular hepatitis treatment, cytochrome c can be used as a potential predictor of the severity of liver impairment. In Asia, particularly in Indonesia, antioxidant-rich plants include <i>Ficus</i> <i>carica</i> and <i>Olea europaea.</i> This study aimed to see what impact cytochrome c in hepatitis after these two botanicals were administered. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Rats were grouped as follows: Normal rats with no additions or herbs (G₀), the physiological solution group (G₁), the intravenous administration of the quercetin-copper (II) (G₂), Olive leaf extract or OLE (300 mg kg¹ b.wt.) (G₃) and Tin leaf extract or TLE (100 mg kg¹ b.wt.) (G₄). For an animal model of hepatitis, the rats were given thioacetamide 280 mg kg¹ b.wt., 8 days later. The rats were dissected and blood and liver samples were collected for enzyme and immunohistochemistry examination. <b>Results:</b> Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cytochrome c expression levels differed significantly (p<0.05) across treatment groups in rat's models of hepatitis. Hepatocytes first displayed symptoms of lipid degradation, inflammatory and necrosis cells. When administered quercetin and the two herbs, necrosis and inflammatory cells were reduced, demonstrating that OLE and TLE can enhance liver histology and lower cytochrome c expression in a mouse model of hepatitis. <b>Conclusion:</b> Administration of Olive leaf extract (OLE) and Tin leaf extract (TLE) can improve liver histology in hepatitis model rats while decreasing cytochrome c expression, which is a mechanism for hepatocyte cell death.

Vitamin E supplementation reduces stress levels from orthodontic force in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).

BACKGROUND: Orthodontic tooth movement is mediated by the inflammation process. Inflammation induces pain and increases the level of cortisol hormone as it triggers stress. The aim of this research was to observe the effects of vitamin E (VE) supplementation in reducing stress levels from orthodontic force in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). METHODS: Wistar rats (n = 56) were divided into two groups: group 1 as the control group, and group 2 as the experimental group (VE group). VE supplemented for 14 days prior application of the separator as an orthodontic force. Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 7), corresponding to the duration in days that force was applied, i.e., 0, 1, 3, and 7 days. Stress were measured by cortisol levels, and inflammation were measured by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) levels in blood plasma. RESULTS: The VE group had lower cortisol levels than the control group, and significant found on days 3 and 7 (p = 0.026 and p = 0.037). The cortisol level in the VE group decreased faster, beginning on day 1, whilst the control group occurred on day 3. Statistical analysis of IL-1ß levels found insignificant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Vitamin E helps reduce stress caused by orthodontic force due to tooth movement.

Diabetic Wound Healing in FGF Expression by Nano Herbal of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa L. and Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Fruits.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Increased glucose levels in diabetes mellitus patients affect angiogenesis which triggers the duration of the wound to heal. <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> leaves (haramonting) and <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium </i>fruits (andaliman) are an endemic plant with an antioxidant in Indonesia. This study was aimed to determine histology changes of diabetic wound healing in FGF expression by Nano herbal of haramonting and andaliman. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study consisted of 4 groups for each treatment, K₁: Negative control, K₂: MEBO, K₃: Nano herbal of andaliman and K₄: Nano herbal of haramonting. The treatments were observed on days 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. Diabetic model rats with alloxan injection (120 mg kg¹. IP) and rats were declared diabetes mellitus when blood glucose levels reached <u>></u>200 mg dL¹. The tissue was prepared on paraffin blocks and given Immunohistochemistry staining for FGF analysis. <b>Results:</b> There was a significant difference between all groups (p<0.001) in FGF expression. The proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen was formed by administering nano herbal andaliman and haramonting in rat's skin. The proliferation of cells that occur in the injured skin layer indicates the compounds contained in the nano herbal haramonting and andaliman stimulate cell division and growth to form wound tissue. <b>Conclusion:</b> Nano herbal andaliman and haramonting can be developed into herbs that can be used to treat wounds in diabetes. Another molecular gene analysis is required to get higher yields to further study for diabetic wounds against these two herbs.

Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of the Methanolic Extract from Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) J. F Pruski Leaves.

This study aims to investigate the potential of bioactive secondary metabolites contained in Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) J.F Pruski leaves as novel plant-derived anticancer agent. Qualitative bioactive compound contents in the methanolic extract of S. trilobata leaves were screened using phytochemical method. Antioxidant evaluation was carried out using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay; antibacterial - using well diffusion method on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi; and cytotoxicity - using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on MCF-7 cell line and Vero Cell. It was found that the methanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 124.34 µg/mL. The inhibition zone values against E. coli and S. thypi (at extract concentration of 100 mg/mL) were 34.33 and 36 mm, respectively. In vitro MTT assay showed that our extract successfully reached 96% mortality with LC50 = 189.287 µg/mL, where the selective index of 2.5 suggest its selectivity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. In conclusion, the data of biological activities suggest the potential development of methanolic extract from S. trilobata leaves as a phytomedicine for breast cancer treatment.

Histological changes in placental rat apoptosis via FasL and cytochrome c by the nano-herbal Zanthoxylum acanthopodium.

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium has several biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This strong antioxidant herb can be used as a drug for hypertension. FasL and cytochrome c expression play roles in the apoptotic pathway in the placenta. This study focused on the histological change in apoptosis via cytochrome c and Fas ligand expression by investigating whether Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (ZA) fruits affect apoptosis. The present study consisted of five treatments: Normal pregnant rats (C), Hypertension rats (C + ), hypertension rats + extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) (T1), Hypertension rats + ZA (T2), and hypertension rats + EVOO + ZA (T3). Hypertension was induced in rats by injecting 3 mlml of 6% NaCl. Nanoherbal of ZA (100 mg/kg BW) and EVOO (1 ml) were given on the 13th-19th days of pregnancy. Pregnant rats were dissected on the 20th day of pregnancy by cervical dislocation. ELISA assays were performed for the analysis of HSP-70 expression. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assays were used to analyse the histological changes in placental tissue. The results showed that cytochrome c and FasL protein exposure levels in the labyrinth, basal, and yolk sac zones were increased during hypertensive pregnancy (P < 0.0001) in rats. The administration of nanoherbal of ZA decreased the expression of cytochrome c and FasL. A significant difference was found in the combination of nanoherbal of ZA and EVOO.

Role of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP-70) after Giving Nanoherbal Haramonting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) in Preeclamptic Rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Haramonting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) is an alternative herb to improve health because it has many biological activities and antioxidant. HSP-70 levels as biomarkers of preeclampsia affected the anti-apoptosis of damaged cells in the placenta. This study aimed to evaluate the role of HSP-70 expressions by investigating whether effect haramonting leaves in PE rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design was control (C): pregnant rats without treatment, PE: Preeclamptic rats, PE+E: PE rats were given 1 mL EVOO kg-1 b.wt./day orally (pregnancy 13-19), PE+H: PE rats were given nano herbal haramonting 100 mg kg-1 b.wt. (pregnancy 13-19 days). PE+E+H: PE rats were given EVOO 0.5 mL kg-1 b.wt. and nano herbal haramonting 50 mg kg-1 b.wt. (pregnancy 13-19 day). Surgery was performed by taking blood from the heart for the SGOT/SGPT parameters, creatinine and HSP70. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed in all groups with the value p<0.0001 and HSP-70 Expressions affect in preeclamptic rats after given this herbal. The value of SGOT, SGPT and creatinine can affect preeclamptic rats and can be as a biomarker of preeclampsia. A significant difference also in fetus weight (p<0.01) but an insignificant difference in placental weight (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that Nano herbal haramonting and EVOO possess antioxidative effects and a promising drug for the future in the treatment of preeclampsia.

Effect of Nano Herbal Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Fruits in NOTCH1 and Hes1 Expressions to Human Placental Trophoblasts.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a well-known spice antioxidant in Northern Sumatera (Indonesia). The cellular activity requires antioxidants in counteracting free radicals. The cellular proteins that play a role in development, proliferation, differentiation and embryonic processes in the human placenta are NOTCH1 and Hes1. The aim of this research was to analyze the expression of NOTCH1 and Hes1 genes after administering nano herbal andaliman to the trophoblast cells of the human placenta. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HTR8 trophoblast cells were divided into two groups, namely, control and treatment (nano herbal andaliman). RNA isolation, reverse transcription and RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) were performed to analyze the NOTCH1 and Notch target gene (Hes1) expressions. The NOTCH1 and Hes1 gene expressions were quantified using the CT method (2-ΔΔCT) and normalized with Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expressions. RESULTS: Nanoherbal andaliman reduced the expression of NOTCH1 genes in the human placental trophoblast. However, it increased the expression of Hes1 when the incubation time was 16 hrs. CONCLUSION: Nanoherbal andaliman decreases the expression of genes that are crucial in hypoxia and free radicals in the placenta, namely, NOTCH1 and Hes1 increased after incubation for 16 hrs. Therefore, this herb needs to be evaluated further.

Effect of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Methanol Extract on Rat's Kidney and Liver Histology Induced by Benzopyrene.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The andaliman fruits have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and a strong inhibition in antitumor activity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of extract andaliman on rat's kidney and liver histology induced by benzopyrene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats model of cancer-induced benzopyrene. This research consists of 5 groups; K-: Control, K+: Cancer model rats, P1: A dose of 100 mg per b.wt. per day of andaliman, P2: A dose of 200 mg per b.wt. per day and P3: A dose of 400 mg kg-1 b.wt., per day for 30 days. On the 31st day, performed surgically on the subjects. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the value of narrowing of the renal tubules (p<0.001), kidneys cells necrosis (p<0.01), hydrophilic degeneration (p<0.001), parenchymatous degeneration (p<0.01) and necrosis (p<0.001) in the liver after given the extract andaliman. CONCLUSION: Andaliman methanol extract repairs the damage of the liver and kidney of rats induced by benzopyrene. Andaliman can be recommended as a drug to repair the necrosis in the liver and kidneys caused by cancer.

Effects of Nanoherbal Haramonting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) and Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Histology of Liver and Kidney of Preeclamptic Rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia (PE) is a life threatening disease prevailing in pregnant women in Indonesia. Impaired kidneys and livers function in PE has a high risk during pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the role of nanoherbal haramonting and Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) on kidney and liver safety in preeclampsia rats. Nanoherbal Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a medicinal plant with antioxidant activity such as EVOO which acts as inhibitor of oxidation, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases the speed of epithelialization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used pregnant rats (Ratus norvegicus) consisting of 5 treatments. Animal models of preeclampsia were made by injection of NaCl 6% 3 mL/day/kg b.wt., subcutaneously in pregnancy of 6-12 days and then given herbs in pregnancy at 13-19 days. The study group consisted of, C-: Normal pregnant rats, C+: PE rats, T1: PE rats were given EVOO, T2: PE rats were given nanoherbal haramonting and T3: PE rats were given EVOO and nanoherbal haramonting. Tissue histology was made by the paraffin method and staining Hematoxylin Eosin which was dissected on the 20th day of pregnancy. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in weight of the liver and kidneys after administration of EVOO and nanoherbal haramonting. The administration of this herb significantly decreased the narrowing of the kidney tubules and the glomerular diameters. Both of these herbs also repaired preeclamptic liver damage (p<0.05) in normal hepatocyte cells, parenchymal degeneration and necrosis. CONCLUSION: The EVOO and nanoherbal haramonting repaired preeclamptic liver and kidney damage.

An ethanol extract of Senduduk fruit (Melastoma malabathricum L) inhibits the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and tumour necrosis factor alpha in HeLa cells.

Aim Senduduk fruit (Melastoma malabathricum L) is native to Indomalaya and is believed to possess anticancer activity. This study investigated antiangiogenic and anti-inflammation effects of an ethanolic extract of Senduduk fruit (EESF) on HeLa cells. Methods Cytotoxicity was assayed in HeLa cell cultures exposed to a concentration series of 500-7.8 µg/mL of EESF. IC50 was determined with a methylthiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) cell viability assay. Antiangiogenic and anti-inflammation activity was evaluated by an immunocytochemical assay of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in HeLa cells cultured with 1× or 2× IC50 or as a control without EESF. Results IC50 of the EESF was 956 µg/mL. The intensity of VEGF staining indicated moderate expression in HeLa cells in response to IC50, weak expression in response to 2×IC50, and strong expression in the absence of the EESF. While the intensity of TNF-α staining indicated moderate expression in HeLa cells in response to IC50 and to the absence of EESF, and weak expression in response to 2× IC50. Conclusion Senduduk fruit extract inhibited VEGF and TNF-α expression in HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

The effect of roselle flower petals extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) on reducing inflammation in dextran sodium sulfateinduced colitis.

Aim To determine the effect of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) petals in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model by measuring pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions (IL-6, and TNF-α), anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-10) and histological colitis inflammation score (HCIS). Methods This study was conducted in two phases. For the first phase, five DSS-induced colitis mice were sacrificed (group 1) and compared with six healthy mice (group 2) after five-cycle induction (70 days). For the second phase, roselle-treated DSS-induced colitis mice were sacrificed on day 7, 14, 21, and 28 after induction and compared with mesalazine-treated DSS-induced colitis mice. Expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 were determined by immunohistochemistry and HCIS were assessed by two experienced pathologists. Results The expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, and HCIS in DSS-induced colitis mice were increased compared with control. The expressions of IL-6, TNF-α were significantly higher in roselle-treated group on day 7 and 14, but not on day 21 and 28, whereas, the expression of IL-10 was significantly lower only on day 7 compared with mesalazine-treated group. The inflammation was higher in roselle-treated group assessed by using HCIS. Compared to day 0, the reduction of HCIS was significant in roselle-treated and mesalazine-treated groups. Conclusion Roselle flower petal can attenuate the inflammation in DSS-induced colitis in mice. The extract of roselle can be given as an adjuvant therapy to the first-line therapy to enhance anti-inflammatory effect by increasing expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

A therapeutic effect of Nigella sativa extract on female Wistar rats vulvovaginal candidiasis model.

Aim Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a disease mostly caused by Candida albicans and affects the quality of life of women especially in the form of chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis(RVVC). Nigella sativa is known to have several effects such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immune stimulation and anticancer properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa on vulvovaginal candidiasis. Methods This study is a true experimental design, we used 28 Wistar strain rats divided into 4 groups, all groups were conditioned in a pseudoestrus state. Candida albicans was inoculated into the rats' vagina for 3 consecutive days. All groups were observed every 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours to evaluate the number of Candida albicans colonies, IgG and IgM anti Candida. Results After administration of intervention, there was a significant difference in the amount of fungal colonization after the treatment in each group (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of Nigella sativa and fluconazole in supressing Candida albicans colonies after 72 hours (p=0.101). The administration of Nigella sativa showed a significant difference in the increase in IgM levels compared to the others group (p<0.001), while the IgG level did not show a significant difference (p=0.423). Conclusion Nigella sativa provides a therapeutic effect by decreasing the number of fungal colonies and increasing IgM levels.

Effect of Poguntano leaves extract (Picria fel-terrae Merr.) to procalcitonin level in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis model of Wistar mice.

Aim Acute rhinosinusitis (AR) is of viral aetiology and only 0.5- 2% develop into acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Herbal therapy is a promising alternative in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of Poguntano leaves (EEPL) to procalcitonin level and the amount of bacteria in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis mice model. Methods Experimental research with posttest only control group design in 32 Wistar mice that were divided into 4 groups, 3 of which were being inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus by inserting a sponge to right nasal cavity of the mice (group K2, K3, and K4); another one was the negative control group (K1). Group K2 was not given any kind of therapy (positive control), group K3 was given 10 mg/kd EEPL for 5 days orally during an induction, and group K4 was given 10 mg/kd EEPL for 5 days orally on the 10th day after induction. Mice in the groups K2 and K3 were sacrificed on the 10th day after induction, while mice in group K4 were sacrificed on the 15th day after induction. Result A statistically significant decrease in procalcitonin level (p<0.001) and amount of bacterial colony (p<0.001) was found in four groups. Conclusion Poguntano leaves extract can lower procalcitonin and amount of bacteria colony, showing an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect.

Cell Cycle Inhibition of Ethylacetate Fraction of Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC. Fruit against T47D Cells.

BACKGROUND: The use of medicinal plants is increasing in several decades for relief many diseases. Indonesia consists of thousands of islands with various plants and the manners of the community using plants as a treatment for every disease traditionally. AIM: Cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium fruit was tested towards T47D breast cancer cells. METHODS: The in vitro cytotoxic activity was performed by MTT assay, and the result was expressed as the IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration), and cell cycle inhibition was investigated by flow cytometry to assess the inhibition in every phase of cell cycle, and the role of expression cyclin D1 and p53 in cell cycle inhibition were performed by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: EAF was showed to have high activity with a value of IC50 48.94 ± 0.32 µg/mL. EAF of 25 µg/mL caused cell accumulation at G0/G1 (60.48%) and in a control cell (51.69%) and decreased expression of cyclin D1 and increased expression of p53. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study provided scientific support for further investigation on compounds in Z. acanthopodium fruit which in the future could be used for medication.