RESUMEN
The thalamus is a deep cerebral structure that is crucial for proper neurological functioning as it transmits signals from nearly all pathways in the body. Insult to the thalamus can, therefore, result in complex syndromes involving sensation, cognition, executive function, fine motor control, emotion, and arousal, to name a few. Specific territories in the thalamus that are supplied by deep cerebral arteries have been shown to correlate with clinical symptoms. The aim of this review is to enhance our understanding of the arterial anatomy of the thalamus and the complications that can arise from lesions to it by considering the functions of known thalamic nuclei supplied by each vascular territory.
Asunto(s)
Arteria Basilar/anatomía & histología , Infarto Encefálico/fisiopatología , Círculo Arterial Cerebral/anatomía & histología , Arteria Cerebral Posterior/anatomía & histología , Tálamo/irrigación sanguínea , Núcleos Talámicos Anteriores/anatomía & histología , Núcleos Talámicos Anteriores/irrigación sanguínea , Núcleos Talámicos Anteriores/fisiología , Cuerpos Geniculados/anatomía & histología , Cuerpos Geniculados/irrigación sanguínea , Cuerpos Geniculados/fisiología , Humanos , Núcleos Talámicos Laterales/anatomía & histología , Núcleos Talámicos Laterales/irrigación sanguínea , Núcleos Talámicos Laterales/fisiología , Núcleo Talámico Mediodorsal/anatomía & histología , Núcleo Talámico Mediodorsal/irrigación sanguínea , Núcleo Talámico Mediodorsal/fisiología , Pulvinar/anatomía & histología , Pulvinar/irrigación sanguínea , Pulvinar/fisiología , Tálamo/anatomía & histología , Tálamo/fisiología , Núcleos Talámicos Ventrales/anatomía & histología , Núcleos Talámicos Ventrales/irrigación sanguínea , Núcleos Talámicos Ventrales/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Clinical management of constipation has evolved from the prescription of dietary supplements, to potent stimulant laxatives, to corrective surgeries for organic blockage. Yet constipation does not respond to a one-size-fits-all treatment. In recent decades, the Bristol Stool Form Scale and Rome III diagnostic criteria have allowed for algorithmic diagnosis, yet these criteria could benefit from further extension and meaningful discussion. This review incorporates pertinent clinical updates and uses the anatomy and physiology of constipation as helpful signposts for the practicing clinician.
Asunto(s)
Estreñimiento/etiología , Intestino Grueso/anatomía & histología , Estreñimiento/diagnóstico , Estreñimiento/fisiopatología , Estreñimiento/terapia , Defecación , Humanos , Intestino Grueso/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) can be called one of the earliest contributors to the history of anatomy and, by extension, the study of medicine. He may have even overshadowed Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), the so-called founder of human anatomy, if his works had been published within his lifetime. While some of the best illustrations of their time, with our modern knowledge of anatomy, it is clear that many of da Vinci's depictions of human anatomy are inaccurate. However, he also made significant discoveries in anatomy and remarkable predictions of facts he could not yet discover with the technology available to him. Additionally, da Vinci was largely influenced by Greek anatomists, as indicated from his ideas about anatomical structure. In this historical review, we describe da Vinci's history, influences, and discoveries in anatomical research and his depictions and errors with regards to the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, and other organs.