Content and Bioaccessibility of Minerals and Proteins in Fish-Bone Containing Side-Streams from Seafood Industries.

With the aim to upcycle fish side-streams, enzymatic hydrolysis is often applied to produce protein hydrolysates with bioactive properties or just as a protein source for food and feed. However, the production of hydrolysates generates a side-stream. For underutilized fish and fish backbone this side-stream will contain fish bones and make it rich in minerals. The aim of this study was to assess the relative bioaccessibility (using the standardized in vitro model INFOGEST 2.0) of minerals in a dietary supplement compared to bone powder generated after enzymatic hydrolysis of three different fish side-streams: undersized whole hake, cod and salmon backbones consisting of insoluble protein and bones. Differences in the bioaccessibility of protein between the powders were also investigated. The enzyme hydrolysis was carried out using different enzymes and hydrolysis conditions for the different fish side-streams. The content and bioaccessibility of protein and the minerals phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) were measured to evaluate the potential of the powder as an ingredient in, e.g., dietary supplements. The bone powders contained bioaccessible proteins and minerals. Thus, new side-streams generated from enzymatic hydrolysis can have possible applications in the food sector due to bioaccessible proteins and minerals.

Effect of Post-Extraction Ultrasonication on Compositional Features and Antioxidant Activities of Enzymatic/Alkaline Extracts of Palmaria palmata.

Palmaria palmata is a viable source of nutrients with bioactive properties. The present study determined the potential role of post-extraction ultrasonication on some compositional features and antioxidant properties of enzymatic/alkaline extracts of P. palmata (EAEP). No significant difference was detected in terms of protein content and recovery, as well as the amino acid composition of the extracts. The nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 5 was found to be too high for the seaweed and EAEP. The extracts sonicated by bath for 10 min and not sonicated showed the highest and lowest total phenolic contents (p < 0.05), respectively. The highest radical scavenging and lowest metal-chelating activities were observed for the non-sonicated sample, as evidenced by IC50 values. The extract sonicated by bath for 10 min showed the most favorable in vitro antioxidant properties since its radical scavenging was not significantly different from that of the not-sonicated sample (p > 0.05). In contrast, its metal-chelating activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05). To conclude, post-extraction ultrasonication by an ultrasonic bath for 10 min is recommended to increase phenolic content and improve the antioxidant properties of EAEP.

Synergistic effect of the coculture of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Lactococcus lactis, isolated from honeybees, on the generation of plant-based dairy alternatives based on soy, pea, oat, and potato drinks.

The production of plant-based dairy alternatives has been majorly focused on the improvement of sensorial, technological and nutritional properties, to be able to mimic and replace milk-based fermented products. The presence of off-flavours and antinutrients, the lack of production of dairy-like flavours or the metabolic inaccessibility of plant proteins are some of the challenges to overcome to generate plant-based dairy alternatives. However, in the present study, it is demonstrated how the synergistic effect of two LAB strains, when cocultured, can simultaneously solve those challenges when fermenting in four different plant-based raw materials: soy, pea, oat, and potato drinks (SPOP). The fermentation was performed through the mono- and co-culture of the two LAB strains isolated from Apis mellifera (honeybee): Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides NFICC 2004 and Lactococcus lactis NFICC 2005. Firstly, the coculture of both strains demonstrated to increase the acidification rate of the four plant matrices. Moreover, L. pseudomesenteroides (LP) demonstrated to in situ produce high concentrations of mannitol when fructose was present as C-source. Furthermore, L. pseudomesenteroides, which encoded for PII-proteinase, demonstrated to break down SPOP proteins, releasing free amino acids that were used by L.lactis (LL) for growth and metabolism. Lastly, the analysis of their co-metabolic volatile performance showed the principal ability of removal of the main off-flavours found in SPOP, such as hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentylfuran, pentanal, octanal, heptanal, and nonanal, mainly led by L. pseudomesenteroides, as well as the production of dairy-like flavours, such as diacetyl and 3-methyl-1-butanol, triggered by L. lactis metabolism. Overall, these findings endorsed the use of honeybee isolated strains as starter cultures, demonstrated the potential of coupling genotypes and phenotypes of multiple strains to improve the organoleptic properties suggesting a potential of combining plant-based matrices for the generation of future high-quality plant-based dairy alternatives.

Recovery of Nutrients from Cod Processing Waters.

Liquid side-streams from food industries can be processed and used in food applications and contribute to reduce the environmental footprint of industries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of protein and phosphorus separation processes, namely microfiltration, ultrafiltration and flocculation, using protein-rich process waters with low (LS) and high (HS) salt content from the processing of salted cod (Gadus morhua). The application of different flocculants (chitosan lactate and Levasil RD442) were evaluated at different concentrations and maturation periods (0, 1 or 3 h). The results showed that different flocculation treatments resulted in different recoveries of the nutrients from LS and HS. Proteins in LS could be most efficiently recovered by using Levasil RD442 0.25% and no maturation period (51.4%), while phosphorus was most efficiently recovered when using Levasil RD442 1.23% and a maturation period of 1 h (34.7%). For HS, most of its protein was recovered using Levasil RD442 1.23% and a maturation period of 1 h (51.8%), while phosphorus was recovered the most using Levasil 1.23% and no maturation period (47.1%). The salt contents allowed interactions through intermolecular forces with Levasil RD442. The ultrafiltration method was effective on HS since it recovered higher percentages of nutrients in the retentate phase (57% of the protein and 46% of the phosphorus) compared to LS.

Screening for New Cosmeceuticals from Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus with Antioxidant and Photo-Protecting Properties.

Phlorotannins play a role in biological functions to protect the cells against UV and oxidative damage in brown algae. We hypothesized that these compounds can function as photo-protectors and antioxidants in skin care formulations. Two types of extracts (water (FV-WE) and 67% v/v ethanol (FV-EE)) from Fucus vesiculosus were obtained with a phlorotannin content between 7-14% in dry extract. Exposure to sun light during growth was included as a factor on the phlorotannin content but did not influence the phlorotannin content. However, green colored F. vesiculosus had lower total phenolic content (TPC) (FV-WE = 6.9 g GAE 100 g-1 dw, FV-EE = 7.8 g GAE 100 g-1 dw) compared to those with a yellow/brownish color (FV-WE = 10.4-13.7 g GAE 100 g-1 dw, FV-EE = 11.2-14.0 g GAE 100 g-1 dw). UVA and UVB photo protective capabilities of the extracts through different biological effective protection factors (BEPFs) were evaluated using in vitro methods; the Mansur method for sun protection factor (SPF) and calculation of effective solar absorption radiation (%ESAR) to determine SPF and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) of the extract and in seaweed enriched lotion. The SPF was negligible, when evaluating FV-WE in lotion (10 and 20% w/w). Moreover, %ESAR of the FV-WE showed SPF and some UVA-PF, but not enough to give sufficient SPF in lotions (10% w/w). It was concluded that the concentration of UV protecting compounds in the extracts was too low to and that further fractionation and purification of phlorotannins is needed to increase the SPF.

Fish Liver Discards as a Source of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.

The intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the average consumer is generally low, and products such as fish oils high in omega-3 PUFA have become popular dietary supplements. There is a need for more sources of omega-3 PUFA to cover the increasing demand. This study investigated whether livers from different lean fish species could be a potential new source of oils rich in omega-3 PUFA. The seasonal variation in lipid content, fatty acid composition, peroxide value and free fatty acid content (FFA) of livers from cod, hake, ling, coalfish and monkfish was determined, and the effect of storage conditions on the fishing vessel (ice vs frozen) was studied. Generally, the lipid content and composition of the livers from the five fish species varied similarly during the two years of the sampling period, with significantly lower values in spring (March, April) and higher values in fall (October, November). Storage conditions were found to have no significant effect on the quality and oil composition. Monkfish livers were less suitable for production of omega-3 oil due to their lower lipid and EPA content as well as higher FFA levels. Coalfish had higher fluctuations in oil composition during the sampling period, which potentially makes a standardised quality difficult to obtain. Cod, hake and ling were the most suitable species for fish liver oil production.

Effect of Extraction Temperature on Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Fucus vesiculosus.

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of low polarity water (LPW) on the extraction of bioactive compounds from Fucus vesiculosus and to examine the influence of temperature on the extraction yield, total phenolic content, crude alginate, fucoidan content, and antioxidant activity. The extractions were performed at the temperature range of 120-200 °C with 10 °C increments, and the extraction yield increased linearly with the increasing extraction temperature, with the highest yields at 170-200 °C and with the maximum extraction yield (25.99 ± 2.22%) at 190 °C. The total phenolic content also increased with increasing temperature. The extracts showed a high antioxidant activity, measured with DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals scavenging and metal-chelating activities of 0.14 mg/mL and 1.39 mg/mL, respectively. The highest yield of alginate and crude fucoidan were found at 140 °C and 160 °C, respectively. The alginate and crude fucoidan contents of the extract were 2.13% and 22.3%, respectively. This study showed that the extraction of bioactive compounds from seaweed could be selectively maximized by controlling the polarity of an environmentally friendly solvent.

Antioxidant peptides derived from potato, seaweed, microbial and spinach proteins: Oxidative stability of 5% fish oil-in-water emulsions.

In this study, we used a combination of quantitative proteomics and bioinformatic prediction for identifying novel antioxidant peptides. Thirty-five peptides from potato, seaweed, microbial, and spinach proteins were investigated. Based on high DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 ≤ 16 mg/mL), metal chelation activity, isoelectric point, and high relative abundance in the parent protein sources, 11 peptides were selected. Lipid oxidation retardation was evaluated in 5% fish oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with Tween 20, where emulsion physical stability was unaffected by peptide addition. The secondary structure of selected peptides was similar in the aqueous solution and emulsions, as confirmed by synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy. The emulsions containing the selected peptides had lower levels of hydroperoxides and volatile compounds during storage compared to the control (without peptide). This study contributes to elucidating the effect of antioxidant peptides in emulsions and demonstrates the ability of quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics prediction to identify peptides with strong antioxidant properties.

Emulsifier peptides derived from seaweed, methanotrophic bacteria, and potato proteins identified by quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics.

Global focus on sustainability has accelerated research into alternative non-animal sources of food protein and functional food ingredients. Amphiphilic peptides represent a class of promising biomolecules to replace chemical emulsifiers in food emulsions. In contrast to traditional trial-and-error enzymatic hydrolysis, this study utilizes a bottom-up approach combining quantitative proteomics, bioinformatics prediction, and functional validation to identify novel emulsifier peptides from seaweed, methanotrophic bacteria, and potatoes. In vitro functional validation reveal that all protein sources contained embedded novel emulsifier peptides comparable to or better than sodium caseinate (CAS). Thus, peptides efficiently reduced oil-water interfacial tension and generated physically stable emulsions with higher net zeta potential and smaller droplet sizes than CAS. In silico structure modelling provided further insight on peptide structure and the link to emulsifying potential. This study clearly demonstrates the potential and broad applicability of the bottom-up approach for identification of abundant and potent emulsifier peptides.

Treatment of clean in place (CIP) wastewater using microalgae: Nutrient upcycling and value-added byproducts production.

CIP wastewater is one of the major wastewater streams from the food industry, and its treatment is generally expensive, requiring a large effort to reduce its typically high nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment is increasingly explored as a more sustainable alternative to the conventional methods, due to the added benefit of nutrient upcycling and value-added biomass production. For the first time, four microalgae species were used to treat CIP wastewater high in N (565.5 mg NO3--N/l) and P (98.0 mg PO43--P/l). An intermittent biomass harvesting strategy was adopted in this study to enhance the purification of CIP water and redirection of nutrients into algal biomass. Over 93 days operation, N removal efficiency was 52.1 ± 2.9%, 54.8 ± 2.5%, 50.0 ± 2.3% and 48.3 ± 0.5%, and P removal efficiency was 65.5 ± 10.0%, 79.4 ± 6.1%, 61.8 ± 2.5% and 69.1 ± 7.7% for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus and wastewater borne microalgae, respectively. After the first (acclimatization) and second growth cycles, cell growth and nutrient removal slowed down but increased again after adding trace nutrients, indicating the lack of trace elements after the first two growth cycles. In the fourth and fifth batch runs, both algal growth rate and nutrient removal rate decreased despite adding trace nutrients and/or increasing light intensity, this being a consequence of the excreted soluble algal products accumulating during long-term operation. S. obliquus had the highest protein concentration of 44.5 ± 9.8% DW, while C. vulgaris accumulated the highest total lipid content (15.6 ± 0.9%, DW). In this proof-of-concept study, the cultivation of microalgae in CIP wastewater with an intermittent harvest of the accumulated algal biomass is demonstrated and it outlines the potential of microalgae to sustainably treat effluents with extremely high nutrients concentration while producing the food-grade algae biomass.

Identification of emulsifier potato peptides by bioinformatics: application to omega-3 delivery emulsions and release from potato industry side streams.

In this work, we developed a novel approach combining bioinformatics, testing of functionality and bottom-up proteomics to obtain peptide emulsifiers from potato side-streams. This is a significant advancement in the process to obtain emulsifier peptides and it is applicable to any type of protein. Our results indicated that structure at the interface is the major determining factor of the emulsifying activity of peptide emulsifiers. Fish oil-in-water emulsions with high physical stability were stabilized with peptides to be predicted to have facial amphiphilicity: (i) peptides with predominantly α-helix conformation at the interface and having 18-29 amino acids, and (ii) peptides with predominantly ß-strand conformation at the interface and having 13-15 amino acids. In addition, high physically stable emulsions were obtained with peptides that were predicted to have axial hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions. Peptides containing the sequence FCLKVGV showed high in vitro antioxidant activity and led to emulsions with high oxidative stability. Peptide-level proteomics data and sequence analysis revealed the feasibility to obtain the potent emulsifier peptides found in this study (e.g. γ-1) by trypsin-based hydrolysis of different side streams in the potato industry.

Oxidative stability of cod liver oil in the presence of herring roe phospholipids.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of herring roe phospholipids (PLs) on the oxidative stability of cod liver oil during storage. The effect of PLs on the oxidative stability of cod liver oil was assessed in terms of peroxide value, free fatty acids, secondary oxidation products and pyrrolisation. The results show that the PV was lower in cod liver oil containing PLs (P < 0.05) than in the control without PLs. Benzaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, 1-penten-3-ol and 3-methylbutanal were the main volatiles. In addition, significant pyrrolisation was observed after 28 days when PLs were added to cod liver oil. The results suggested that cod liver oil with dispersed PLs was oxidized during storage followed by non-enzymatic browning reactions. The findings indicated that the ratio between pyrroles formed and α-tocopherol may influence the formation of new peroxides and secondary oxidation products.

Modified phosphatidylcholine with different alkyl chain length and covalently attached caffeic acid affects the physical and oxidative stability of omega-3 delivery 70% oil-in-water emulsions.

This study investigated the effects of modified phosphatidylcholine (PC) with different alkyl chain lengths (PC_C14 and PC_C16) and covalently attached caffeic acid on the physical and oxidative stability of 70% fish oil-in-water emulsions. High fat emulsions were produced using different amounts of modified PCs in combination with sodium caseinate and soy-PC. Results showed that the physical stability of the emulsions was improved with increasing concentrations of modified PCs, due to their high surface activity. Emulsion stabilized with PC_C14 led to smaller droplets and higher viscosity, whereas PC_C16 had higher protein surface load, which may result in a thicker interfacial layer. Modified PCs enhanced the oxidative stability of the emulsions due to the attachment of caffeic acid to the glycerol backbone of PC, which brings the antioxidant in the vicinity of oil-water interface. PC_C16 led to less formation of primary and secondary oxidation products compared to PC_14 at their equivalent concentrations.

[Feedback on a complementary care program combining physical activity, mindfulness-based meditation and socio-aesthetic care]. / Retour d'expérience sur un programme de soins complémentaires associant activité physique adaptée, méditation basée sur la pleine conscience et soins en socio-esthétique.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing physical activity among cancer patients is one of the priority recommendations in tertiary prevention; the level of physical activity is one of the determining factors in reducing the risk of relapse and mortality. However, many barriers to initiation and maintenance of regular physical activity have been identified. A program combining bi-weekly adapted physical activity sessions, mindfulness-based meditation and socio-aesthetic care was put together in 2015, in a Cancer Center, in order to facilitate adherence and sustainable attendance. METHODS: Data on patient participation of program components, patient satisfaction, and psycho-corporal changes, collected in ecological conditions between 2015 and 2017 from 144 participants, were retrospectively analyzed to provide a first assessment. RESULTS: Nearly 60% of the patients were in treatment, 17% were metastatic. The average participation time was 9 months, with an average of one physical activity session per week. Changes were observed, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in terms of emotional state, sleep and body image. The overall satisfaction rate was 96%. DISCUSSION: The conclusions of the study support the continuation of the program. The methodological limitations of this pilot format may be overtaken in future research, which will allow further in-depth investigations into the effects of combined approaches on sustainable physical activity.

Exploring the possibility of predicting long-term oxidative stability in prototype skincare formulations using various lipid oxidation initiators.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify an effective lipid oxidation initiator which could predict, within 1 month, the long-term oxidative stability of a prototype skincare formulation. The main purpose was to find a potential initiator not to assess oxidation stability of the formulations. METHODS: Four initiators (below) were examined in three steps: Reaction kinetics using a Clark electrode (Oxygraph); Effect of adding an initiator on the product's physical and oxidative stability in prototype skincare formulations by visual observation, peroxide value and headspace GC-MS determination of volatile oxidation products; and Ability to differentiate unstable vs. stable prototype creams by initiator addition. The four initiators explored were: FeCl2 /H2 O2 , FeCl3 /ascorbic acid, 2,2'-Azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) and 2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) RESULTS: In Oxygraph, the initiator systems FeCl2 /H2 O2 and FeCl3 /ascorbic acid were good accelerators of oxygen consumption. The addition of FeCl2 /H2 O2 to prototype formulations did not affect the physical stability. However, the addition of FeCl3 /ascorbic acid to prototype formulations resulted in phase separation and FeCl3 /ascorbic acid was therefore deemed unusable. Moreover, the addition of AAPH or AMVN resulted in an increased and decreased viscosity respectively. In the oxidation stability study, peroxide value increased significantly when AMVN was added. However, the peroxide value remained low for the other initiators and the control (no initiator). The secondary volatile oxidation product, butanal, increased most with the FeCl2 /H2 O2 addition. Three out of the four initiators did not have the ability to rank the stable and unstable formulations in accordance with the result obtained for volatile oxidation products after 42 days of storage at 20°C of formulations without initiator. Only, FeCl2 /H2 O2 was able to rank the formulations in accordance with the oxidative stability observed for volatile oxidation products after 42 days of storage. CONCLUSION: FeCl2 /H2 O2 showed potential as an initiator to predict the oxidative stability of skincare formulations, but more studies are needed to confirm the result in a broader range of products over a longer time.

OBJECTIF: Le but de cette étude était d'identifier un initiateur efficace de l'oxydation des lipides qui pourrait prédire, dans un délai d'1 mois, la stabilité oxydative à long terme d'une formulation prototype de soins pour la peau. Le principal objectif était de trouver un initiateur potentiel et non pas d'évaluer la stabilité à l'oxydation des formulations. MÉTHODES: Quatre initiateurs (ci-dessous) ont été évalués au cours de trois étapes: Cinétique de réaction à l'aide d'une électrode de Clark (Oxygraphe); Effet de l'addition d'un initiateur sur la stabilité physique et oxydative du produit dans des prototypes de formulations par observation visuelle de l'indice de peroxyde et détermination des produits d'oxydation volatiles par GC-MS - espace de tête; et Capacité à différencier les prototypes de crèmes instables des prototypes de crèmes stables par addition d'un initiateur. Les quatre initiateurs étudiés étaient : FeCl2 /H2 O2 , FeCl3 /acide ascorbique, 2,2'-azobis (2,4-diméthylvaléronitrile) (AMVN) et 2,2'-azobis (2-méthylpropionamidine), dichlorhydrate (AAPH) RÉSULTATS: Dans l'oxygraphe, les systèmes initiateurs FeCl2 /H2 O2 et FeCl3 /acide ascorbique étaient de bons accélérateurs de la consommation en oxygène. L'addition de FeCl2 /H2 O2 aux prototypes de formulations n'a pas eu d'impact sur la stabilité physique. Cependant, l'addition de FeCl3 /acide ascorbique aux prototypes de formulations a entraîné une séparation des phases et le système FeCl3 /acide ascorbique a donc été jugé inutilisable. De plus, l'addition d'AAPH ou d'AMVN a entraîné une augmentation et une diminution de la viscosité, respectivement. Dans l'étude de stabilité oxydative, l'indice de peroxyde a significativement augmenté lorsque l'AMVN a été ajouté. Cependant, l'indice de peroxyde est resté faible pour les autres initiateurs et le témoin (sans initiateur). L'augmentation la plus importante du produit d'oxydation volatile secondaire, le butanal, a été observée avec l'addition de FeCl2 /H2 O2 . Trois des quatre initiateurs n'ont pas permis de classer les formulations stables et instables d'après le résultat obtenu pour les produits d'oxydation volatiles après 42 jours de conservation à 20 °C des formulations sans initiateur. Seul FeCl2 /H2 O2 a été en mesure de classer les formulations conformément à la stabilité oxydative observée pour les produits d'oxydation volatiles après 42 jours de conservation. CONCLUSION: FeCl2 /H2 O2 a montré un potentiel comme initiateur pour prédire la stabilité oxydative de formulations de soins pour la peau, mais des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour confirmer le résultat sur une plus large gamme de produits et sur une plus longue période.

The effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract on the oxidative stability of lipids in cow and soy milk enriched with fish oil.

Lipid oxidation of fish oil enriched cow milk and soy milk supplemented with rosemary extract stored at 2 °C was studied. Both peroxide value and volatile secondary lipid oxidation products were determined to monitor the progress of lipid oxidation. Rosemary extract inhibited lipid oxidation in fish oil enriched cow milk. In contrast, soy milk samples having much higher unsaturated fatty acid content showed higher lipid oxidation stability compared to cow milk. Reduction in the content of chlorogenic acid during storage suggested that this compound may contribute to the lipid oxidation stability of fish oil enriched soy milk product. Total carnosic acid and carnosol concentration declined much faster in soy milk than in cow milk. It is suggested from the results that food components could have significant impact on the fate of bioactive antioxidant compounds in a specific food product during storage.

Use of Electrohydrodynamic Processing for Encapsulation of Sensitive Bioactive Compounds and Applications in Food.

The use of vitamins, polyphenolic antioxidants, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and probiotics for the fortification of foods is increasing. However, these bioactive compounds have low stability and need to be protected to avoid deterioration in the food system itself or in the gastrointestinal tract. For that purpose, efficient encapsulation of the compounds may be required. Spray drying is one of the most commonly used encapsulation techniques in the food industry, but it uses high temperature, which can lead to decomposition of the bioactive compounds. Recently, alternative technologies such as electrospraying and electrospinning have received increasing attention. This review presents the principles of electrohydrodynamic processes for the production of nano-microstructures (NMSs) containing bioactive compounds. It provides an overview of the current use of this technology for encapsulation of bioactive compounds and discusses the future potential of the technology. Finally, the review discusses advanced microscopy techniques to study the morphology of NMSs.

Extraction of unsaturated fatty acid-rich oil from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) roe and production of defatted roe hydrolysates with functional, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.

BACKGROUND: Common carp roe is a rich protein and oil source, which is usually discarded with no specific use. The aims of this study were to extract oil from the discarded roe and examine functional, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of defatted roe hydrolysates (CDRHs) at various degrees of hydrolysis (DH). RESULTS: Gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters revealed that common carp roe oil contained high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis of defatted roe yielded higher content of essential amino acids. CDRHs displayed higher solubility than untreated defatted roe, which increased with DH. Better emulsifying and foaming properties were observed at lower DH and non-isoelectric points. Furthermore, water and oil binding capacity decreased with DH. CDRHs exhibited antioxidant activity both in vitro and in 5% roe oil-in-water emulsions and inhibited the growth of certain bacterial strains. CONCLUSION: Common carp roe could be a promising source of unsaturated fatty acids and functional bioactive agents. Unsaturated fatty acid-rich oil extracted from common carp roe can be delivered into food systems by roe oil-in-water emulsions fortified by functional, antioxidant, and antibacterial hydrolysates from the defatted roe. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin D3 and uridine in combination with six weeks of cognitive and motor training in prepubescent children: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Learning and memory have been shown to be influenced by combination of dietary supplements and exercise in animal models, but there is little available evidence from human subjects. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of combining a motor- and cognitive exercise program with dietary supplementation consisting of 500 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 10 µg vitamin D3 and 1000 mg uridine (DDU-supplement) in 16 prepubescent children (age 8-11 years). METHODS: We designed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study lasting 6 weeks in which DDU-supplement or placebo was ingested daily. During the intervention period, all children trained approximately 30 min 3 days/week using an internet-based cognitive and motor training program (Mitii). Prior to and post the intervention period dietary record, blood sampling, physical exercise tests and motor and cognitive tests were performed. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 16 children completed the intervention and ingested the supplement as required. 6 weeks DDU-supplementation resulted in a significant increase in the blood concentration of vitamin D2+3 and DHA (p = 0.023 and p < 0.001, respectively). Power calculation based on one of the cognitive tasks revealed a proper sample size of 26 children. CONCLUSION: All children showed improved performance in the trained motor- and cognitive tasks, but it was not possible to demonstrate any significant effects on the cognitive tests from the dietary supplementation. However, DDU-supplementation did result in increased blood concentration of DHA and vitamin D2+3. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical registration ID: NCT02426554 (clinical Trial.gov). January 2015 retrospectively registered.

Oxidative Stability of Granola Bars Enriched with Multilayered Fish Oil Emulsion in the Presence of Novel Brown Seaweed Based Antioxidants.

Fucus vesiculosus extracts that have both radical scavenging activity and metal chelating ability in vitro were used as natural antioxidant in granola bars enriched with fish oil emulsion by using primary and secondary emulsion systems stabilized by sodium caseinate alone and sodium caseinate-chitosan. The bars were stored at 20 °C and evaluated over a period of 10 weeks by measuring the development of primary and secondary oxidation products. The samples prepared with secondary emulsion system developed less oxidation products probably due to increased interfacial layer thickness that would act as a barrier to the penetration and diffusion of molecular species that promote oxidation. The positive charge of oil droplets in the secondary emulsion may also inhibit iron-lipid interaction through electrostatic repulsion. Additional protection against lipid oxidation was obtained when fish oil emulsions were added to the granola bars especially in combination with acetone and ethanol extracts of Fucus vesiculosus.