Secondary prevention of fractures after hip fracture: a qualitative study of effective service delivery.

UNLABELLED: There is variation in how services to prevent secondary fractures after hip fracture are delivered and no consensus on best models of care. This study identifies healthcare professionals' views on effective care for the prevention of these fractures. It is hoped this will provide information on how to develop services. INTRODUCTION: Hip fracture patients are at high risk of subsequent osteoporotic fractures. Whilst fracture prevention services are recommended, there is variation in delivery and no consensus on best models of care. This study aims to identify healthcare professionals' views on effective care for prevention of secondary fracture after hip fracture. METHODS: Forty-three semi-structured interviews were undertaken with healthcare professionals involved in delivering fracture prevention across 11 hospitals in one English region. Interviews explored views on four components of care: (1) case finding, (2) osteoporosis assessment, (3) treatment initiation, and (4) monitoring and coordination. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, anonymised and coded using NVivo software. RESULTS: Case finding: a number of approaches were discussed. Multiple methods ensured there was a 'backstop' if patients were overlooked. Osteoporosis assessment: there was no consensus on who should conduct this. The location of the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner influenced the likelihood of patients receiving a scan. Treatment initiation: it was felt this was best done in inpatients rather request initiation in the post-discharge/outpatients period. Monitoring (adherence): adherence was a major concern, and participants felt more monitoring could be conducted by secondary care. Coordination of care: participants advocated using dedicated coordinators and formal and informal methods of communication. A gap between primary and secondary care was identified and strategies suggested for addressing this. CONCLUSIONS: A number of ways of organising effective fracture prevention services after hip fracture were identified. It is hoped that this will help professionals identify gaps in care and provide information on how to develop services.

Effective secondary fracture prevention: implementation of a global benchmarking of clinical quality using the IOF Capture the Fracture® Best Practice Framework tool.

UNLABELLED: Fracture Liaison Services are the best model to prevent secondary fractures. The International Osteoporosis Foundation developed a Best Practice Framework to provide a quality benchmark. After a year of implementation, we confirmed that a single framework with set criteria is able to benchmark services across healthcare systems worldwide. INTRODUCTION: Despite evidence for the clinical effectiveness of secondary fracture prevention, translation in the real-world setting remains disappointing. Where implemented, a wide variety of service models are used to deliver effective secondary fracture prevention. To support use of effective models of care across the globe, the International Osteoporosis Foundation's Capture the Fracture® programme developed a Best Practice Framework (BPF) tool of criteria and standards to provide a quality benchmark. We now report findings after the first 12 months of implementation. METHODS: A questionnaire for the BPF was created and made available to institutions on the Capture the Fracture website. Responses from institutions were used to assign gold, silver, bronze or black (insufficient) level of achievements mapped across five domains. Through an interactive process with the institution, a final score was determined and published on the Capture the Fracture website Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) map. RESULTS: Sixty hospitals across six continents submitted their questionnaires. The hospitals served populations from 20,000 to 15 million and were a mix of private and publicly funded. Each FLS managed 146 to 6200 fragility fracture patients per year with a total of 55,160 patients across all sites. Overall, 27 hospitals scored gold, 23 silver and 10 bronze. The pathway for the hip fracture patients had the highest proportion of gold grading while vertebral fracture the lowest. CONCLUSION: In the first 12 months, we have successfully tested the BPF tool in a range of health settings across the globe. Initial findings confirm a significant heterogeneity in service provision and highlight the importance of a global approach to ensure high quality secondary fracture prevention services.

The effect of maternal vitamin D concentration on fetal bone.

CONTEXT: Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may be associated with suboptimal fetal growth, but direct evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to validate a method for fetal femur volume (FV) measurement using three-dimensional ultrasound and to detect correlations between FV and maternal vitamin D concentration. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A novel method for assessing FV consists of three ultrasound measurements-femur length, proximal metaphyseal diameter (PMD), and midshaft diameter-and a volume equation; this was validated by comparing ultrasound to computed tomography measurements in six pregnancies after mid-trimester termination. This method was then applied in a cohort of healthy pregnant women participating in the Southampton Women Survey. Fetal three-dimensional ultrasound and maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were performed at 34 wk; dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the newborn was performed shortly after birth. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed between maternal characteristics and fetal outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We performed ultrasound measurements of the fetal femur. RESULTS: In 357 pregnant participants, serum 25(OH)D correlated significantly with FV (P = 0.006; r = 0.147) and PMD (P = 0.001; r = 0.176); FV also demonstrated positive univariate correlations with maternal height (P < 0.001; r = 0.246), weight (P = 0.003; r = 0.160), triceps skinfold thickness (P = 0.013; r = 0.134), and a borderline negative effect from smoking (P = 0.061). On multiple regression, independent predictors of FV were the maternal height and triceps skinfold thickness; the effect of 25(OH)D on FV was attenuated, but it remained significant for PMD. CONCLUSION: Using a novel method for assessing FV, independent predictors of femoral size were maternal height, adiposity, and serum vitamin D. Future trials should establish whether pregnancy supplementation with vitamin D is beneficial for the fetal skeleton, using FV and PMD as fetal outcome measures.

Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D insufficiency is common in women of childbearing age and increasing evidence suggests that the risk of osteoporotic fracture in adulthood could be determined partly by environmental factors during intrauterine and early postnatal life. We investigated the effect of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy on childhood skeletal growth. METHODS: In a longitudinal study, we studied 198 children born in 1991-92 in a hospital in Southampton, UK; the body build, nutrition, and vitamin D status of their mothers had been characterised during pregnancy. The children were followed up at age 9 years to relate these maternal characteristics to their body size and bone mass. FINDINGS: 49 (31%) mothers had insufficient and 28 (18%) had deficient circulating concentrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D during late pregnancy. Reduced concentration of 25(OH)-vitamin D in mothers during late pregnancy was associated with reduced whole-body (r=0.21, p=0.0088) and lumbar-spine (r=0.17, p=0.03) bone-mineral content in children at age 9 years. Both the estimated exposure to ultraviolet B radiation during late pregnancy and the maternal use of vitamin D supplements predicted maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D concentration (p<0.0001 and p=0.0110, respectively) and childhood bone mass (p=0.0267). Reduced concentration of umbilical-venous calcium also predicted reduced childhood bone mass (p=0.0286). INTERPRETATION: Maternal vitamin D insufficiency is common during pregnancy and is associated with reduced bone-mineral accrual in the offspring during childhood; this association is mediated partly through the concentration of umbilical venous calcium. Vitamin D supplementation of pregnant women, especially during winter months, could lead to longlasting reductions in the risk of osteoporotic fracture in their offspring.

Maternal and seasonal predictors of change in calcaneal quantitative ultrasound during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, mineralization of the fetal skeleton and obligate urinary losses require adaptation of maternal calcium homeostasis, such as increased intestinal calcium absorption and bone resorption. However, the environmental determinants of maternal bone resorption during pregnancy in healthy adult mothers have not been previously described. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based longitudinal study of 307 term pregnancies using a cohort of 307 pregnant women living in Southampton, United Kingdom. During early and late pregnancy, skeletal status was measured at the left calcaneus using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). RESULTS: There was a significant (P < 0.001) decline in both speed of sound and broadband ultrasound attenuation during pregnancy. Those women who were pregnant for the first time (P = 0.001), had low milk intake prepregnancy (P = 0.01), and reduced measures of fat mass (P = 0.01) showed the greatest decline in calcaneal bone measurements. Furthermore, those women who were pregnant over winter months had greater losses in calcaneal QUS (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Maternal lifestyle, fat stores, and seasonality of early pregnancy influence maternal calcaneal QUS loss during pregnancy; the findings support a role for vitamin D supplementation of women pregnant during winter, especially those with low calcium intakes who are pregnant for the first time.

How to prevent fractures in the individual with osteoporosis.

The high rate of osteoporotic fracture in Western populations has resulted in a significant burden in terms of morbidity, mortality and health care costs. The use of DXA has made the diagnosis of osteoporosis easier and identified a subgroup of individuals who are at a higher risk of fracture. It is a useful tool in determining therapy in those at greatest risk of fracture. However, widespread use of such treatments is low and greater uptake remains an elusive goal. There are now many different treatments that reduce fracture rate, and can accompany lifestyle measures such as smoking cessation, diet and exercise. Dietary supplementation with calcium has been shown to reduce the risk of vertebral fracture, and the combination of calcium with vitamin D has been shown to reduce fracture at non-vertebral sites, including the hip. Although ERT, SERMs and tibolone all retard bone loss, prospective fracture prevention has only been shown for SERMs and then only at the spine. Bisphosphonates represent a class of potent anti-resorptive agents, which have been shown to reduce fracture rate at vertebral and non-vertebral sites. Other agents such as calcitonin, PTH and fluoride are of less certain benefit in preventing fracture.