Application Progress of Plant Growth Regulator in Production of Chinese Medicinal Materials / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Plant growth regulator （PGR） is mostly a class of chemical synthesis substance with physiological activities similar to plant hormones，which can promote cell elongation，induce vascular differentiation or accelerate tissue aging via regulating the physiological processes such as photosynthesis，respiration，transpiration，signal transduction，substance absorption and operation. PGR has the advantages of small dosage，high efficiency，low toxicity and less residue，and it is widely used in the planting of Chinese medicinal herbs. By consulting the relevant literature published in recent years，this paper briefly summarizes the main types of PGR，e.g.auxins，gibberellins，cytokinins，abscisic acid and ethylene，etc. On the other hand，this article analyzes and sums up the specific applications of PGR in the manufacture of Chinese herbal medicine，for instance，promoting seed germination，improving seed setting rate or fruit setting rate，dwarfing plants，inhibiting reproductive growth，regulating gender differentiation，stimulating fruit falling，enhancing resistance and so on. The problems existing in the practical use of PGR are pointed out，non-differentiation of specific species，unreasonable combination，not paying attention to the operation method，arbitrarily increasing the dose，lack of residue limit standard and reducing the content of some effective components，for example.Meanwhile，some feasible suggestions are put forward.Not only the suitable types of PGR should be selected in a reasonable and standardized manner，but also the appropriate concentration，dosage and period of application should be chosen carefully； the dual effects of PGR on plant growth and active ingredients in medicinal organs should be concerned，so as to improve the yield and avoid the loss of effective components on the basis of ensuring the quality of Chinese medicinal materials； it is necessary to strengthen the registration of PGR in the production of Chinese medicinal materials and establish residue limit standards to provide a monitoring basis for ensuring the safety of Chinese medicine in the future.The scientific use of PGR can promote the increase of agricultural yield and farmers' income，and make the healthy development of Chinese herbal medicine planting industry.

The Effects of Static Magnetic Field on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice.

The application of static magnetic field (SMF) has been considered an effective and noninvasive method to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of SMF on orthodontic tooth movement in mice. A total of 105 Balb/c mice (body mass: 25-30 g) were divided into experimental group (SMF + force, 48), control group (force only, 48), and blank group (neither SMF nor force, 9). After the placement of orthodontic appliances, the experimental group was exposed to the SMF environment generated by Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets with an intensity of 20-204 mT. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after appliance insertion, eight animals in both experimental and control groups were sacrificed and the left maxillae were dissected to measure the distance of tooth movement, respectively. Meanwhile, the width of periodontal ligament (PDL), length of hyalinized zone, and the number of osteoclasts were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. We finally found that the experimental group demonstrated an enhanced rate and greater cumulative amount of tooth movement than the control group (0.2887 ± 0.0041 mm vs. 0.2114 ± 0.0089 mm, P < 0.05). On Days 7, 14, and 28, the experimental group also displayed a significantly greater width of PDL. Earlier formation and removal of the hyalinized zone, and significantly more osteoclasts were observed in the experimental group as well. The results suggested that SMF may be a promising nonsurgical intervention to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Analysis on Application of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Related Health Food / 中国实验方剂学杂志

With the improvement of living standard and enhancement of health consciousness, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, as a common medicinal material that can be widely used in health food, is focused an increasing number of scholars′ attention at home and abroad. Based on Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma health food published by the food website of National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), this paper combs and analyzes their dosage forms, functional components, health-care functions and prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Meanwhile, the Apriori algorithm module in SPSS Modeler 15.0 is used to explore the formulation rules of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma health food. The results showed that capsules was the most common (about 55.34%), and the infusions and beverages were rare. In the aspect of health-care function, it is mainly used to auxiliary hypolipidemic, auxiliary protective function to chemical liver injury, enhance immunity and dispel chloasma. Among 92 cases of the health food with auxiliary hypolipidemic, the common combination of TCM was Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Gynostemmatis Pentaphylli Herba-Puerariae Lobatae Radix. Among 55 cases of the health food with auxiliary protective function to chemical liver injury, the common combination of TCM was Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Puerariae Lobatae Radix-Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus. Among 54 cases of the health food with immune-enhancing, the common combination of TCM was Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Astragali Radix-Lycii Fructus. Among 46 cases of the health food with dispelling chloasma, the common combination of TCM was Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Angelicae Sinensis Radix-grape seeds. The selection of prescription compatibility of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma health food with different health-care functions is basically consistent with the TCM treatment with syndrome differentiation theory and modern medical theory. This article interprets the application of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma health food from the perspective of dosage forms, functional components, health-care functions and compatibility of prescriptions, which can provide a basis and reference for precise and efficient research and development of this kind of health food.

Analysis of the Medication Rule of Glycyrrhiza uralensis -containing Antitussive Prescriptions Based on 2015 Edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （Part Ⅰ） / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To explore the medication rul e of Glycyrrhiza uralensis -containing antitussive prescriptions （GUAP）， and to provide reference for the research and development of new antitussive drugs. METHODS ：The GUAP were collected from 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅰ）. The information of prescription name ，composition，flavor and meridian tropism，and functional indications were input into Excel 2018 software to establish the database. The frequency of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）was analyzed statistically. Cluster analysis was performed for high frequency TCM （frequency≥15）in GUAP by using SPSS Statistics 23.0 software；Apriori algorithm and association rules of SPSS Modeler 18.0 software were used to analyze the drug combination of high-frequency TCM in GUAP （support degree ≥15％，confidence degree ≥70％，lift degree ≥1）. New GUAP was sorted. Totally 60 mice were divided into model group （normal saline ），positive group （Codeine phosphate tablet ， 5 mg/kg），New prescription low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups （1.17，5.83，11.67 g/kg，by extractum ），with 12 mice in each group. They were given relevant medicine intragastricaaly once a day ，for consecutive 7 d. 1 h after last medication ，cough was induced by ammonia in mice for 30 seconds；the latent period of cough and the frequency of cough within 2 min were recorded，and the cough inhibition rate was calculated. RESULTS ：Totally 73 prescriptions involved 194 kinds of TCM ，with 11 ingredients of high-frequency TCM （G. uralensis ，Platycodon grandiflorus ，Semen Armeniacae ，Citrus reticulate ，Ephedra sinica ， Gypsum fibrosum ，Scutellaria baicalensis ，Mentha haplocalyx ，Pinellia ternate ，Poria cocos ，Peucedanum praeruptorum ），which were mainly pungent and mostly belonged to lung meridian. High-frequency TCM could be grouped into 5 categories. There were 7 two-item association rules （such as E. sinica →Semen Armeniacae ，G. fibrosum →Semen Armeniacae ）and 10 three-item association rules （such as G. fibrosum -Semen Armeniacae →E. sinica ，C. reticulate -P. grandiflorus →Semen Armeniacae ）. New GUAP contained G. uralensis ，P. grandiflorus ，Semen Armeniacae ，E. sinica ，C. reticulate ，G. fibrosum （mass ratio 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 3 ∶ 4）. Compared with model group ，the latent period of cough was prolonged and the frequency of cough within 2 min was decreased significantly in positive group and new prescription low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups （P＜0.01）. Compared with positive group ，latent period of cough was shortened significantly in new prescription low-dose and medium-dose groups ，while the frequency of cough within 2 min was increased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）；but there was no significant difference in latent period of cough， the frequency of cough within 2 min， cough inhibitory rate of new prescription high-dose group （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS：The new antitussive prescription was summarized by analyzing the medication rule of GUAP ，and was verified to have good antitussive effect ，which can provide reference for the development of new antitussive drugs.

Application Status and Research Progress of External Traditional Chinese Medicine Ointment for Rheumatism Treatment / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Due to the definite curative effect,stable drug properties and low incidence of adverse reactions,the external traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) ointment for rheumatism treatment has attracted more and more attention from scholars at home and abroad.Based on the external TCM ointment for the treatment of rheumatism approved by China Food and Drug Administration(CFDA),this paper would comb and analyze their dosage forms,varieties,specifications,etc.On the other hand,this article summarizes the application of the new formulation technology,prescription research,study on the forming process,pharmacodynamics and safety research,etc.The problems existing in this area were pointed out,such as lack of new preparations;less research on the penetration material basis,the penetration enhancing mechanism,and the penetration enhancing law;the selection of detection indicators of quality control standards is not comprehensive enough;qualitative and quantitative studies of pharmacokinetics are relatively scarce and so on.Meanwhile,proper measures and suggestions are put forward.Not only the formulation classification and specification description of external TCM ointment should be standardized,but also new dosage forms such as intelligentized,controlled release and targeted preparations of Chinese medicine should be actively introduced;the study of transdermal activity of transdermal enhancer itself should be strengthened,and investigating the correlation between the transdermal absorption of the agent itself and promoting transdermal absorption;the biological effect index or indicators that combine chemical and biological effects should be used,and learning from the latest research achievements of multidimensional spectroscopy of Chinese herbal medicine,thereby establishing scientific detection indicators and quality control methods that conform to modern transdermal concept.

Effect of static magnetic field on pain level and expression of P2X3 receptors in the trigeminal ganglion in mice following experimental tooth movement.

Recent research has demonstrated that static magnetic fields (SMF) can generate an analgesic effect in different conditions. The present study explored effects of SMF on pain levels and expressions of P2X3 receptors in trigeminal ganglion (TG) in mice after experimental tooth movement (tooth movement induced by springs between teeth). Experiments were performed in male mice (body mass: 25-30 g) and divided into SMF + force group, force group, and no force group. Exposure time was over 22 h per day. Mouse Grimace Scale was used for evaluating orofacial pain levels during experimental tooth movement at 4 h and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. Meanwhile, expression levels of P2X3 receptors in the TG were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting at same time points. We finally found that during experimental tooth movement, pain levels of mice peaked at 3 days, and then decreased. While pain levels of mice were reduced in the SMF environment at 4 h, 1 and 3 days, there was a significant difference at 1 and 3 days. Meanwhile, under the action of SMF, expression levels of P2X3 receptors in TG were significantly lower at 4 h, 3 and 7 days. These results suggest that SMF can reduce pain levels in mice, and down-regulate P2X3 receptors in TG. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:22-30, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Current advances in orthodontic pain.

Orthodontic pain is an inflammatory pain that is initiated by orthodontic force-induced vascular occlusion followed by a cascade of inflammatory responses, including vascular changes, the recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells, and the release of neurogenic and pro-inflammatory mediators. Ultimately, endogenous analgesic mechanisms check the inflammatory response and the sensation of pain subsides. The orthodontic pain signal, once received by periodontal sensory endings, reaches the sensory cortex for pain perception through three-order neurons: the trigeminal neuron at the trigeminal ganglia, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis at the medulla oblongata and the ventroposterior nucleus at the thalamus. Many brain areas participate in the emotion, cognition and memory of orthodontic pain, including the insular cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and hypothalamus. A built-in analgesic neural pathway-periaqueductal grey and dorsal raphe-has an important role in alleviating orthodontic pain. Currently, several treatment modalities have been applied for the relief of orthodontic pain, including pharmacological, mechanical and behavioural approaches and low-level laser therapy. The effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief has been validated, but its effects on tooth movement are controversial. However, more studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of other modalities. Furthermore, gene therapy is a novel, viable and promising modality for alleviating orthodontic pain in the future.

The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement: a meta-analysis.

Low-level laser therapy is claimed to accelerate bone remodeling. The aim of this meta-analysis was to critically appraise current evidence and to determine the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Embase, CENTRAL, ProQuest Dissertations &Theses, and SIGLE were electronically searched from Jan 1990 to Jun 2013. Article screening, data extraction, assessment of risk of bias and evaluation of evidence quality through GRADE were conducted independently and in duplicate by two reviewer authors. Outcome of interest in this meta-analysis was accumulative moved distance (AMD). Meta-analyses were performed in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2.2.064 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). Finally, five studies were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the pooled difference in mean (DM) was 0.33 [95 % CI: (0.03-0.64)], 0.76 [95 % CI: (-0.14, 1.65)] and 0.43 [95 % CI: (-0.05, 0.91)] for AMD within 1 month, AMD within 2 months and AMD within 3 months, respectively. However, significant heterogeneities and instability of the pooled results were detected. Moreover, publication bias was found for AMD within 3 months. The subgroup analysis on the wavelength of 780 nm revealed that the pooled DM of AMD were 0.54 (95 % CI = 0.18-0.91), 1.11 (95 % CI = 0.91-1.31) and 1.25 (95 % CI = 0.68-1.82) for 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively. For the output power of 20 mW, the subgroup analysis showed that the pooled DM of AMD was 0.45 (95 % CI = 0.26-0.64), 1.11 (95 % CI = 0.91-1.31), and 1.25 (95 % CI = 0.68-1.82) for 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively. Weak evidence suggests that low-level laser irradiations at the wavelength of 780 nm, at the fluence of 5 J/cm(2) and/or the output power of 20 mW could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement within 2 months and 3 months. However, we cannot determine its effectiveness within 1 month due to potential measurement errors.

[Sterols of marine bryozoan Bugula neritina from the South China Sea].

OBJECTIVE: To study the sterol constituents of Bugula neritina from the South China Sea. METHODS: The alcohol extract of Bugula neritina was purified by silica gel column and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and structures of the isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with those of literatures. RESULTS: Ten sterols were isolated and identified from the petroleum ether fraction of alcohol extract of B. neritina L.:Cholest-4-en-3-one(I); cholesterol(II);3beta,5alpha,9alpha-trihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one(III); 24-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-7,22-diene-3beta,5,6beta-triol(IV); 3beta-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-Cholesta-5-en(V);5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-6, 22-dien-3beta-ol(VI); 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-7-one (VII); and 6beta-hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one(VIII); Cholesta-5-ene-3beta,7beta-diol(IX); Cholesta-5,22(E)-dien-3beta,7alpha-diol(X). CONCLUSION: Compounds IV-X were isolated from Bugula neritina for the first time.

[Study on the chemical constituents qf Spongilla Wagner].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents in the fresh marine sponge Spongilla Wagner. METHODS: Compounds were separated and purified through various chromatographic methods and their structures were identified by spectroscopic data. RESULTS: Seven compounds were isolated and identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (I), p-hydroxycinnamic acid (II), Pyrimidine-2, 4 (1H, 3H)-dione (III), Ferulic acid methyl ester (IV), Dodecyl ethers of glycerol (V), Tetracosane( VI). CONCLUSION: All compounds are isolated from this sponge for the first time.

Determination of flavones in Elsholtzia bodinieri by HPLC / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop an HPLC method for the measurement of flavones in Elsholtzia bodinieri.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Analysis was carried out on Shimadzu LC-2010A HPLC system. The separation was performed on Agilent Extend-RP C18 column (4. 6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), with methanol-acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid as mobile phase, and the flow rate was 1.0 mL min(-1) and the detective wavelength was 280 nm.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>A good linear relationship and the mean recovery was found within the range.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method is rapid, simple and accurate.</p>

Antibacterial effect of niaoluqing oral liquid on clinical drug-resistant strains and different serotype strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum in vitro / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the antibacterial effect of Niaoluqing Oral Liquid (NOL) on clinical drug-resistant strains and 14 serotype strains Ureaplasma Urealyticum (UU).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-three clinical strains of UU were detected to determine their serology and antibiotic susceptibilities by the metabolic inhibition test (MIT). Mininum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used to evaluate the sensitivity of NOL to different serotypes of UU. The sensitivity of NOL, erythromycin and tetracycline to 63 clinical strains of UU was also studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 63 clinical strains of UU, the range of MIC to NOL was from 0.48 mg/ml to 15.63 mg/ml, MIC50 < or = 1.95 mg/ml, MIC90 < or = 3.91 mg/ml. Among them, 31 strains were resistant to tetracycline and 31 were resistant to erythromycin. No obvious correlation between the sensitivity of NOL to UU clinical strains and that of erythromycin and tetracycline to UU clinical strains (P > 0.05). Clinical strains of UU in this experiment contains all of its serotypes, also having a higher sensitivity to NOL (MIC < or = 3.91 mg/ml) except serology 1, 2, 3 and 11 (MIC > or = 7.81 mg/ml).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>NOL exerts a strong in vitro antibacterial effect on erythromycin-resistant and tetracycline-resistant clinical strains of UU. All kinds of serotype strains had a higher sensitivity to NOL, too. Chinese medicinal herbs are of momentous significance in the treatment of UU infection.</p>