The complete chloroplast genome of Gleditsia sinensis and Gleditsia japonica: genome organization, comparative analysis, and development of taxon specific DNA mini-barcodes.

Chloroplast genomes have been widely considered an informative and valuable resource for molecular marker development and phylogenetic reconstruction in plant species. This study evaluated the complete chloroplast genomes of the traditional Chinese medicine Gleditsia sinensis and G. japonica, an adulterant of the former. The complete chloroplast genomes of G. sinensis and G. japonica were found to be of sizes 163,175 bp and 162,391 bp, respectively. A total of 111 genes were identified in each chloroplast genome, including 77 coding sequences, 30 tRNA, and 4 rRNA genes. Comparative analysis demonstrated that the chloroplast genomes of these two species were highly conserved in genome size, GC contents, and gene organization. Additionally, nucleotide diversity analysis of the two chloroplast genomes revealed that the two short regions of ycf1b were highly diverse, and could be treated as mini-barcode candidate regions. The mini-barcode of primers ZJ818F-1038R was proven to precisely discriminate between these two species and reflect their biomass ratio accurately. Overall, the findings of our study will shed light on the genetic evolution and guide species identification of G. sinensis and G. japonica.

Cost-Effectiveness of Jingshu Granules Compared to Placebo for the Treatment of Patients with Cervical Radiculopathy in China: A Decision-Tree Model Based on Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), as well as physiotherapy and chemical drugs, are recommended for the treatment of cervical spondylosis by Chinese guidelines for cervical spondylosis diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether TCM Jingshu Granules are cost-effective in patients with cervical radiculopathy in China. Methods: A multicenter, double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial was performed. A total of 480 patients were recruited from 14 tertiary hospitals in China and were randomly divided into an experimental group (Jingshu Granules) or control group (placebo) at a 3:1 ratio. All patients received 4 weeks of treatment. Clinical outcomes and cost data were collected during the trial, including the neck disability index (NDI), visual analog scale (VAS) of pain, VAS of numbness, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) score, willingness to pay (WTP) for VAS of pain, direct medical costs, and transport costs. From a social perspective, a decision-tree model and cost-effectiveness analysis were conducted. Results: The treatment group has a significant advantage in reducing NDI (9.41 ± 10.51 vs. 4.83 ± 8.43, p < 0.05), VAS of pain (22.72 ± 15.08 vs. 12.86 ± 13.45, p < 0.05), and VAS of numbness (16.96 ± 17.53 vs. 11.64 ± 16.54, p < 0.05), respectively, while there was no significant difference in the improvement of quality of life (QoL; SF-36 score, p > 0.05). The expected mean cost of the experimental group was 1144.34 yuan, and the effective rates were 57.9% for NDI and 72.9% for VAS of pain. The expected mean cost of the control group was 767.41 yuan, and the effective rates were 33.3% for NDI and 51.6% for VAS of pain. For the primary indicators (VAS of pain and NDI), the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 17.69 and 15.32, respectively. The WTP per efficacy for pain resolution of patients was 19.10 yuan. Setting the WTP as threshold, Jingshu Granules were found to be a cost-effectiveness strategy, and sensitivity analysis showed that the effective rates and inspection fees of both groups had a greater impact on the results of both groups. Conclusions: Jingshu Granules were shown to be effective for treating patients with cervical radiculopathy. This treatment was found to be cost-effective when considering VAS of pain and NDI as clinical outcome indicators compared to no treatment (placebo). A clinical study with longer duration or real world study is needed to determine the impact on QoL of patients in the future.

The complete chloroplast genome of a medicinal resource plant (Rumex crispus).

Rumex crispus has high medicinal value which belongs to the family Polygonaceae. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of R. crispus, which is 158,851 bp in length. A total of 111 unique genes have been predicted in the chloroplast genome of this species, consisting of 77 protein-coding sequences, 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. A maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on 80 protein-coding genes of 18 Polygonaceae species showed the phylogenetic position of R. crispus within the family Polygonaceae. These results facilitate population and biological studies of R. crispus and benefit further investigations of this important species.