RESUMEN
Mental imagery is used extensively in the sporting domain. It is used for performance-enhancement purposes, arousal regulation, affective and cognitive modification, and rehabilitation purposes. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate whether acute exercise and mental imagery of acute exercise have similar effects on cognitive performance, specifically memory function. A within-subject randomized controlled experiment was employed. Participants (N = 24; Mage = 21.5 years) completed two exercise-related visits (i.e., actual exercise and mental imagery of exercise), in a counterbalanced order. The acute-exercise session involved 10 min of intermittent sprints. The mental-imagery session involved a time-matched period of mental imagery. After each manipulation (i.e., acute exercise or mental imagery of acute exercise), memory was evaluated from a paired-associative learning task and a comprehensive evaluation of memory, involving spatial-temporal integration (i.e., what, where, and when aspects of memory). Bayesian analyses were computed to evaluate the effects of actual exercise and mental imagery of exercise on memory function. For the paired-associative learning task, there was moderate evidence in favor of the null hypothesis for a main effect for condition (BF01 = 2.85) and time by condition interaction (BF01 = 3.30). Similarly, there was moderate evidence in favor of the null hypothesis for overall (what-where-when) memory integration (BF01 = 3.37), what-loop (BF01 = 2.34), where-loop (BF01 = 3.45), and when-loop (BF01 = 3.46). This experiment provides moderate evidence in support of the null hypothesis. That is, there was moderate evidence to support a non-differential effect of acute exercise and mental imagery of acute exercise on memory function.
RESUMEN
Utilizing both primary myometrial cells and a myometrial cell line, we show here that myometrial cells undergo transition to a myofibroblast-like phenotype after a biological insult of 72 hours serum starvation and serum add-back (SB: 1% to 10% FBS). We also found that thrombospondin-1 was increased and that the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB)-SMAD3/4 pathway was activated. This pathway is a key mediator of fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Applying the same insult supplemented with TGFB3 (1-10ng/ml) and ascorbic acid (100µg/ml) in the serum add-back treatment, we further demonstrated that cells migrated into nodules containing collagen and fibronectin. The number of cellnodules was inversely related to the percentage serum add-back. Using transmission electron microscopy we demonstrated myofibroblast-like cells and fibril-like structures in the extracellular spaces of the nodules. This study is the first direct evidence of induction of myofibroblast transdifferentiation in cultured myometrial cells which is related to the increase of thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) and the activation of TGFBSMAD 3 / 4 pathways. Combined, these observations provide biochemical and direct morphological evidence that fibrotic responses can occur in cultured myometrial cells. The findings are the first to demonstrate uterine healing mechanisms at a molecular level. Our data support the concept that fibrosis may be an initial event in formation of fibroid which exhibits signaling pathways and molecular features of fibrosis and grow by both cellular proliferation and altered extracellular matrix accumulation. Our data assists in further understanding of myometrium tissue remodeling during gestation and postpartum.
Asunto(s)
Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colágeno/genética , Fibronectinas/genética , Fibrosis/genética , Miometrio/metabolismo , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/genética , Transdiferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Transdiferenciación Celular/genética , Femenino , Fibrosis/patología , Humanos , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/efectos de los fármacos , Miofibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Miometrio/efectos de los fármacos , Miometrio/patología , Periodo Posparto/genética , Periodo Posparto/metabolismo , Embarazo , Cultivo Primario de Células , Proteína smad3/metabolismo , Trombospondina 1/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta3/farmacologíaRESUMEN
This article documents the historical factors that led to shifts in mission work toward a greater emphasis on community health for the poor and most vulnerable of society in sub-Saharan Africa after 1945. Using the example of the Medical Mission Sisters from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and their work in Ghana, we challenge the conventional narrative of medical missions as agents of imperialism. We assert that missions-particularly those run by Catholic sister physicians, nurses, and midwives-have changed over time and that those changes have been beneficial to the expansion of community health, particularly in the area of improvement of maternal care.