Alpha radiation from polymetallic nodules and potential health risks from deep-sea mining.

In search for critical elements, polymetallic nodules at the deep abyssal seafloor are targeted for mining operations. Nodules efficiently scavenge and retain several naturally occurring uranium-series radioisotopes, which predominantly emit alpha radiation during decay. Here, we present new data on the activity concentrations of thorium-230, radium-226, and protactinium-231, as well as on the release of radon-222 in and from nodules from the NE Pacific Ocean. In line with abundantly published data from historic studies, we demonstrate that the activity concentrations for several alpha emitters are often higher than 5 Bq g-1 at the surface of the nodules. These observed values can exceed current exemption levels by up to a factor of 1000, and even entire nodules commonly exceed these limits. Exemption levels are in place for naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) such as ores and slags, to protect the public and to ensure occupational health and radiation safety. In this context, we discuss three ways of radiation exposure from nodules, including the inhalation or ingestion of nodule fines, the inhalation of radon gas in enclosed spaces and the potential concentration of some radioisotopes during nodule processing. Seen in this light, inappropriate handling of polymetallic nodules poses serious health risks.

[Prehospital treatment of intoxications with euphorizing drugs]. / Præhospital behandling af forgiftninger med euforiserende stoffer.

Acute intoxications are frequently seen in the prehospital setting and are often either a mixture of multiple drugs or supplemented with other drugs such as alcohol or marihuana. In contrast to the in-hospital setting, where intoxications can be detected with blood, sweat or urine tests, the prehospital physician may need to act on the symptomatology rather than the aetiology. Symptoms can be divided into two main groups depending on whether they are promoting or inhibiting vital functions. This article gives an update on management of intoxications with central stimulants in the prehospital setting.