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1.
Waste Manag ; 163: 34-42, 2023 May 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37001310

RESUMEN

Date fruit pomace (DFP), an abundant byproduct of the date syrup industry, is currently underutilized. It is either fed to animals or landfilled where it ferments, causing serious environmental issues. Proper waste management through valorization strategies is required to reduce the environmental impact of date waste and foster the transition of the date processing industry towards sustainability. The implementation of valorization strategies requires characterizing the DFP composition. Herein, four DFP samples of Emirati varieties were characterized in terms of compositional and functional properties. The fresh DFPs contained moisture (∼60.0 g/100 g). On a dry matter basis, DFPs contained total dietary fiber (∼45.5 g/100 g), residual sugars (∼35.3 g/100 g), protein (∼10.6 g/100 g), ash (∼4.1 g/100 g), and fat (∼1.3 g/100 g). They were also rich in nutritionally important elements such as potassium (∼145.7 ppm), calcium (∼46 ppm), phosphorus (∼28.7 ppm), and magnesium (∼26.7 ppm). The total phenolic content varied from 170 to 260 mg gallic acid equivalents GAE/100 g, making DFP a good source of antioxidants. Scanning electron microscopy measurements revealed the presence of fibrous bundle-like structures, whose thermal stability was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, showing the dominance of insoluble over soluble fiber. Higher water- and oil-holding capacities were found for dried desugared pomace. The high fiber, phenolic, and elemental content highlight the high nutritional value of DFP, which can be used as dietary supplement, while its sugar content can be used to produce value-added biochemicals via fermentation. Thus, DFP may represent a valuable bioresource for food and non-food applications.


Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Phoeniceae , Antioxidantes/análisis , Antioxidantes/química , Frutas/química , Fenoles/análisis , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis
2.
Front Nutr ; 9: 868320, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35520282

RESUMEN

Numerous people in African, Middle Asian, Middle Eastern, and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries highly value camel milk (CM) as it plays a vital role in their diet. The protein composition of CM as well as the structure of its casein micelles differs significantly from bovine milk (BM). Cheeses made from CM have a weak curd and soft texture compared to those made from BM. This review article presents and discusses the effect of milk protein composition, processing conditions (pasteurization and high-pressure treatment), and coagulants (camel chymosin, organic acids, plant proteases) on the quality of CM cheeses. CM cheese's weak texture is due to compositional characteristics of the milk, including low κ-casein-to-ß-casein ratio (≈0.05 in CM vs. ≈0.33 in BM), large micelle size, different whey protein components, and higher proteolytic activity than BM. CM cheese texture can be improved by preheating the milk at low temperatures or by high pressure. Supplementing CM with calcium has shown inconsistent results on cheese texture, which may be due to interactions with other processing conditions. Despite their structure, CM cheeses are generally well liked in sensory studies.

3.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 6614, 2022 04 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35459886

RESUMEN

Date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were found to contain high levels of allomelanin (1.2-5.1%). The melanin is localized in the tanniferous cells between the inner and outer mesocarp tissues of the fruit. The melanin, extracted with 2 M sodium hydroxide, consisted of amorphous graphene-like granular structures of irregular shape and variable size. The date fruit melanin mainly comprises carbon (64.6%) and oxygen (30.6) but no nitrogen, and was thermally stable. It has radical scavenging (63.6-75.1 IC50, µg/mL), antimicrobial (250-1000 µg/mL), hypoglycemic (51.8-58.2%), and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitory (65.8%) effects. The high level of melanin in date fruits highlights the importance of investigating its dietary intake and its impact on nutrition. This study also suggests that date fruit melanin can be a functional ingredient in foods, food packages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.


Asunto(s)
Phoeniceae , Frutas/química , Melaninas/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Phoeniceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología
4.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 13573, 2021 06 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34193923

RESUMEN

Withania coagulans (W. coagulans) extract and camel chymosin have aspartic protease capable of coagulating milk for cheese production. This study investigated the quality of camel and bovine milk cheeses coagulated using Withania extracts, came chymosin, and their mixture in two experiments. In Experiment (1), a factorial design with four factors (W. coagulans, camel chymosin, incubation time, and incubation temperature) was performed. The effect of these factors on cheese's yield and hardness were assessed. An enzyme concentration corresponding to a 36 µg/L of milk of W. coagulans, 50 IMCU/L of camel chymosin, holding time of 4 h, and incubation temperature of 60 °C provided the optimal textural hardness for both camel and bovine milk cheeses. Seven treatments were analyzed in experiment (2) were analyzed for physicochemical properties, yield, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGEitation). The results showed that pure Withania extract exhibited the lower coagulating effect resulting in cheeses with low yield, hardness, fat, protein, and total solids. The SDS-PAGE electropherograms of camel cheese showed several low molecular weight bands as compared to bovine cheese. This phenomenon is due to excessive proteolysis in camel cheese, which we believed is caused by the presence of endogenous enzymes.


Asunto(s)
Queso , Quimosina/química , Leche/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Solanaceae/química , Animales , Camelus , Bovinos
5.
J Dairy Sci ; 104(5): 5279-5284, 2021 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33663820

RESUMEN

Camel milk (CM) is gaining scientific attention due to its potential health and therapeutic benefits. Fermented drinkable yogurts (labans) were prepared from CM and bovine milk (BM) using mixed Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus bacteria supplemented with 1 of 2 hydrocolloids: pectin (0.1-0.3%) or sodium alginate (0.1-0.5%). The different labans were compared by studying their acidity and rheology as well as their structural and sensory properties. The CM and BM labans had titratable acidity values that ranged from 0.85 to 1.27 and 0.61 to 0.93%, respectively. Pectin at 0.2% enhanced the rheological properties of BM labans, but had no effect in CM labans. Sodium alginate at 0.3% and 0.5% increased viscosity, elastic or storage modulus (G'), and viscous or loss modulus (G″) values for both types of laban. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the CM laban contained lower levels of "spike-like structures" than BM laban, and that the addition of hydrocolloids improved this effect. Quantitative descriptive sensory analysis showed that CM labans fortified with either 0.2% pectin or 0.3% sodium alginate were comparable to commercial BM laban in viscous mouthfeel. Fortified CM labans were more acidic and had stronger flavors than unfortified samples. Overall, this study demonstrated that the addition of sodium alginate or pectin at intermediate levels permits production of palatable CM labans of a satisfactory viscous consistency.


Asunto(s)
Camelus , Leche , Alginatos , Animales , Bovinos , Fermentación , Pectinas , Streptococcus thermophilus , Yogur
6.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 21767, 2020 12 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33303871

RESUMEN

Date fruits vary widely in the hardness of their edible parts and they are classified accordingly into soft, semi-dry, and dry varieties. Fruit texture, a significant parameter in determining consumer acceptance, is related to the tissue structure and chemical composition of the fruit, mainly the ratio of sucrose to reducing sugars. This study aimed to understand the relationship between the chemical composition, microstructure, and texture profile of 10 major Emirati date fruits. The soluble sugars, glucose and fructose, represent ca 80 g/100 g of the fruits on the basis of dry weight (DW) while the dietary fiber contents varied 5.2-7.4 g/100 dg D.W. with lignin being the main determinant of the variability. The textures of the samples were studied using instrumental texture profile analysis. While no correlation was found between the soluble sugar and texture parameters in this study, the different fiber constituents correlated variably with the different parameters of date fruit texture. Lignin, arabinoxylan, galactomannan, and pectin were found to correlate significantly with fruit hardness and the related parameters, gumminess and chewiness. Both lignin and arabinoxylan correlated with resilience, and arabinoxylan exhibited a strong correlation with cohesiveness.


Asunto(s)
Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Dureza , Phoeniceae/química , Phoeniceae/clasificación , Fructosa/análisis , Galactosa/análogos & derivados , Glucosa/análisis , Lignina/análisis , Mananos/análisis , Microscopía , Pectinas/análisis , Phoeniceae/ultraestructura , Sacarosa/análisis , Xilanos/análisis
7.
J Nutr ; 141(12): 2126-32, 2011 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22013201

RESUMEN

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in the Western world and the second most important cancer causing male deaths, after lung cancer, in the United States and Britain. Lifestyle and dietary changes are recommended for men diagnosed with early-stage PC. It has been shown that a diet rich in whole grain (WG) rye reduces the progression of early-stage PC, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. This study sought to identify changes in the metabolic signature of plasma in patients with early-stage PC following intervention with a diet rich in WG rye and rye bran product (RP) compared with refined white wheat product (WP) as a tool for mechanistic investigation of the beneficial health effects of RP on PC progression. Seventeen PC patients received 485 g RP or WP in a randomized, controlled, crossover design during a period of 6 wk with a 2-wk washout period. At the end of each intervention period, plasma was collected after fasting and used for (1)H NMR-based metabolomics. Multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis was used for paired comparisons of multivariate data. A metabolomics analysis of plasma showed an increase in 5 metabolites, including 3-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone, betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine, and dimethyl sulfone, after RP. To understand these metabolic changes, fasting plasma homocysteine, leptin, adiponectin, and glucagon were measured separately. The plasma homocysteine concentration was lower (P = 0.017) and that of leptin tended to be lower (P = 0.07) after RP intake compared to WP intake. The increase in plasma 3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone after RP suggests a shift in energy metabolism from anabolic to catabolic status, which could explain some of the beneficial health effects of WG rye, i.e., reduction in prostate-specific antigen and reduced 24-h insulin secretion. In addition, the increase in betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine and the decrease in homocysteine show a favorable shift in homocysteine metabolism after RP intake.


Asunto(s)
Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Metaboloma/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolómica/métodos , Preparaciones de Plantas/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Secale/metabolismo , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangre , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Betaína/sangre , Estudios Cruzados , Dieta , Homocisteína/sangre , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangre , Sarcosina/análogos & derivados , Sarcosina/sangre , Triticum/metabolismo , Estados Unidos
8.
Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric ; 3(1): 17-29, 2011 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21114470

RESUMEN

Sesame seed contains very high levels (up to 2.5%) of furofuran lignans with beneficial physiological activities, mainly sesamin, sesamolin, and sesaminol glucosides. Reported activities of sesame seed lignans include inter alias modulation of fatty acid metabolism, inhibition of cholesterol absorption and biosynthesis, antioxidant and vitamin E-sparing effects, hypotensive effects, improvement of liver functions in connection with alcohol metabolism, and antiaging effects. This review comprehends patents pertinent to the preparations and uses of sesame seed lignans in health promotion.


Asunto(s)
Lignanos/farmacología , Patentes como Asunto , Semillas/química , Sesamum/química , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Alimentos Funcionales , Humanos , Lignanos/aislamiento & purificación , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos
9.
Int J Food Sci Nutr ; 60 Suppl 7: 278-88, 2009.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19657848

RESUMEN

Golden-yellow and purple-red tamarillos (Solanum betaceum Cav.) cultivated in Ecuador were studied for their physical properties, proximate composition, pH, degrees Brix, acidity, sugars, organic acids, minerals, vitamin C and beta-carotene content in the edible part. Results were compared with those for Spanish fruits. The golden-yellow and purple-red Ecuadorian fruits were larger (107 and 188 g) than the respective Spanish fruits (43 and 63 g), softer but generally similar in chemical composition except for fat (0.72 and 0.6%) and malic acid (0.32 and 0.53%) contents in the golden-yellow and purple-red Ecuadorian fruits. Tamarillo fruits are a good source of potassium (approximately 400 mg/100 g fresh weight). Total phenolics in the golden-yellow and purple-red varieties were 125 and 187 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight, respectively. The golden-yellow variety had weaker anti-DPPH radical activity than the purple-red variety. Flavonols were only found in the peel of both varieties, while hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were found in peel and pulp.


Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Químicos , Frutas/química , Pigmentación , Solanum/química , Ácido Ascórbico/análisis , Calcio de la Dieta/análisis , Ácidos Carboxílicos/análisis , Ácidos Cumáricos/análisis , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/análisis , Ecuador , Flavonoles/análisis , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/análisis , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Tamaño de los Órganos , Especificidad de Órganos , Fenoles/análisis , Potasio en la Dieta/análisis , Especificidad de la Especie , Oligoelementos/análisis , beta Caroteno/análisis
10.
Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric ; 1(1): 1-14, 2009 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20653521

RESUMEN

This article reviews developments related to the use of plant sterols and stanols as cholesterol-lowering ingredients in foods and nutraceuticals preparations. Plant sterols and stanols are extracted from the deodorizer distillates of vegetable oil refining and from tall oil, a by-product of paper pulping industry. Plant sterols/stanols inhibit cholesterol absorption possibly by competitively inhibiting its incorporation into the mixed micelles in the small intestine although other mechanisms can not be excluded. Daily consumption of 1-2 grams of plant sterols or stanols was shown to cause 10-20% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol). Combinations of plant sterols/stanols with certain lipid-lowering ingredients were shown to potentate their cholesterol-lowering effects and, in some cases, add triacylglycerol-lowering effects. In this article, patents based information is also discussed.


Asunto(s)
Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapéutico , LDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Alimentos Funcionales , Fitosteroles/uso terapéutico , Sitoesteroles/uso terapéutico , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacología , Colesterol/metabolismo , Colesterol/farmacología , LDL-Colesterol/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Humanos , Micelas , Patentes como Asunto , Fitosteroles/farmacología , Sitoesteroles/farmacología , Triglicéridos/farmacología
11.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 87(6): 1723-9, 2008 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18541561

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Gamma-tocopherol has unique properties that may be beneficial in sustaining optimal human health, but hepatic vitamin E metabolism enhances gamma-tocopherol turnover. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the extent to which dietary sesame lignans alter human alpha- and gamma-tocopherol metabolism and elimination as carboxyethyl hydroxychromanols (CEHCs). DESIGN: Healthy participants (n = 5 women and 5 men) in a randomized, crossover study (with 4-wk washout) consumed muffins prepared with either corn oil or unrefined sesame oil (sesamin, 94 mg; sesamolin, 42 mg), along with a capsule containing a 1:1 molar ratio of deuterium-labeled d(6)-alpha- and d(2)-gamma-tocopherol acetates ( approximately 50 mg each). Plasma and urine were collected up to 72 h; unlabeled and labeled tocopherol and CEHC concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Sesame oil muffin consumption in men, but not in women, decreased (P < 0.05) areas under plasma d(2)-gamma-CEHC concentration-time curves (area under the curve) and maximum concentrations. However, in both sexes urinary d(2)-gamma-CEHCs were decreased for 24 h following sesame oil muffin consumption. CONCLUSIONS: In humans, gamma-tocopherol metabolism can be inhibited by the simultaneous consumption of gamma-tocopherol and sesame lignans. The observed differences between men and women with respect to vitamin E metabolism warrant further investigation.


Asunto(s)
Caracteres Sexuales , gamma-Tocoferol/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , Cromatografía Liquida , Estudios Cruzados , Femenino , Humanos , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Valores de Referencia , Aceite de Sésamo , alfa-Tocoferol/metabolismo , gamma-Tocoferol/administración & dosificación
12.
J Nutr ; 137(4): 940-4, 2007 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17374658

RESUMEN

Sesamin, the major sesame oil lignan, is recognized for its health-promoting effects, including the lowering of cholesterol and elevation of gamma-tocopherol in rats and humans. However, little is known about the absorption and metabolism of sesamin in humans. In this study, 6 healthy volunteers took a single dose of sesame oil (508 micromol sesamin) and their urine was collected for four 12-h periods. The urine samples were treated with beta-glucuronidase/sulphatase and extracted with chloroform. The major urinary sesamin metabolite in the chloroform extract was collected using HPLC diode array detector and characterized as (1R,2S,5R,6S)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3,3,0]octane using NMR and mass spectroscopy. A quantitative (1)H-NMR technique, based on the methylenedioxyphenyl protons signal (delta 5.91), was used for the quantification of the metabolite in the chloroform extracts of urine. The excretion of the sesamin catechol metabolite ranged from 22.2 to 38.6% (mean +/- SD, 29.3 +/- 5.6) of the ingested dose and happened mainly in the 1st 12 h after ingestion.


Asunto(s)
Catecoles/metabolismo , Dioxoles/metabolismo , Dioxoles/orina , Lignanos/metabolismo , Lignanos/orina , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Octanos/orina , Adulto , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Octanos/metabolismo , Proyectos Piloto , Aceite de Sésamo/administración & dosificación , Aceite de Sésamo/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo
13.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 1031: 365-7, 2004 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15753171

RESUMEN

Sesame seed and oil consumption previously increased human plasma gamma-tocopherol (gamma-T) concentrations. This was attributed to the sesame lignans sesamin and sesamolin. Here, we studied the inhibition of vitamin E metabolism by a single dose of sesame oil lignans coingested with deuterated alpha- and gamma-tocopherols in human volunteers. The urinary excretion of gamma-T metabolites was significantly lower in sesame oil treated than in control subjects. Concentrations of tocopherols in blood were not affected by the treatment. In conclusion, a single dose of sesame oil, containing 136 mg sesame lignans (sesamin and sesamolin), reduces the urinary excretion of co-administered gamma-T in humans.


Asunto(s)
Dieta , Alimentos , Aceite de Sésamo/administración & dosificación , gamma-Tocoferol/orina , Cromanos/orina , Deuterio , Dioxoles/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Cinética , Lignanos/administración & dosificación , alfa-Tocoferol/administración & dosificación , gamma-Tocoferol/administración & dosificación
14.
J Agric Food Chem ; 51(9): 2526-31, 2003 Apr 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12696931

RESUMEN

Vegetarian diets are correlated with a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease and comprise a great variety of bioactive compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Therefore, this study aimed to identify dietary hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives that may alter two important factors related to the development of cardiovascular disease, namely, tocopherol (T) and cholesterol (C) concentrations in the body. The effects of caffeic acid (CA), chlorogenic acid (CGA), and ferulic acid (FA) on alpha-T, gamma-T, and C levels in blood plasma, liver, and lungs were investigated after these compounds had been fed to rats for 4 weeks at concentrations of 2 g/kg in semisynthetic diets. None of the regimens affected weight gain, feed intake, or absolute weights of livers and lungs, although CA increased the liver weight relative to the body weight (P < 0.05). CA- and CGA-fed animals showed a tendency toward sparing vitamin E in all tissues, but statistical significance was obtained only for gamma-T in the liver of CA-fed animals (P < 0.005) and for alpha-T in the lungs of CGA-treated rats (P < 0.05). CGA supplementation reduced concentrations of lipids in the lung tissue (P < 0.05). CA and CGA elevated the concentrations of C in liver tissue and lipids to a similar extent, but only CA decreased the ratio of high-density lipoprotein C to total C in blood plasma (P < 0.05 for all effects). Animals eating FA showed T and C values comparable to those in the control group. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that dietary caffeic and chlorogenic acid may elevate tocopherols and cholesterol in vivo.


Asunto(s)
Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacología , Ácido Clorogénico/farmacología , Colesterol/farmacocinética , Vitamina E/farmacocinética , Administración Oral , Animales , Ácidos Cumáricos/farmacología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
15.
J Agric Food Chem ; 50(25): 7226-30, 2002 Dec 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12452636

RESUMEN

The effects of dietary cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and concentrates from blackcurrant [Ribes nigrum] (BC) and elderberry [Sambucus nigra] (EC) on plasma and tissue concentrations of alpha- (alpha-T) and gamma-tocopherol (gamma-T) and cholesterol, as well as the fatty acid composition of the liver lipids were investigated in growing, male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. Animals were fed semisynthetic diets supplemented with 2 g/kg C3G, BC, or EC for 4 weeks. Dietary anthocyanins did not affect feed intake, body weight, and organ weights. C3G elevated the concentrations of tocopherols in the liver and lungs (P < 0.05). Cholesterol levels in plasma and liver were not affected by any of the regimens. C3G and BC reduced the relative amount of saturated fatty acids in the liver (P < 0.05). BC also lowered the percentage of 22:6 + 24:0 and EC the ratio of 20:3/20:4 n-6 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary C3G, BC, and EC appear to have little effect on cholesterol levels and the fatty acid pattern in the liver but seem to be capable of sparing vitamin E in healthy, growing rats.


Asunto(s)
Antocianinas/farmacología , Dieta , Lípidos/análisis , Ribes/química , Sambucus nigra/química , Tocoferoles/análisis , Animales , Colesterol/análisis , Colesterol/sangre , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Frutas/química , Glucósidos/farmacología , Lípidos/sangre , Hígado/química , Pulmón/química , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Tocoferoles/sangre , alfa-Tocoferol/análisis , alfa-Tocoferol/sangre , gamma-Tocoferol/análisis , gamma-Tocoferol/sangre
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