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BACKGROUND: It is well-known that flavonoids, which can be easily obtained from many fruits and vegetables are widely preferred in the treatment of some important diseases. Some researchers noted that these chemical compounds exhibit high inhibition effect against various cancer types. Many experimental studies proving this ability of the flavonoids with high antioxidant activity are available in the literature. PUROPOSE: The main aim of this review is to summarize comprehensively anticancer properties of flavonoids against the lung cancer in the light of experimental studies and well-known theory and electronic structure principles. In this review article, more detailed and current information about the using of flavonoids in the treatment of lung cancer is presented considering theoretical and experimental approaches. STUDY DESIGN: In addition to experimental studies including the anticancer effects of flavonoids, we emphasized the requirement of the well-known electronic structure principle in the development of anticancer drugs. For this aim, Conceptual Density Functional Theory should be considered as a powerful tool. Searching the databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science, the suitable reference papers for this project were selected. METHODS: Theoretical tools like DFT and Molecular Docking provides important clues about anticancer behavior and drug properties of molecular systems. Conceptual Density Functional Theory and CDFT based electronic structure principles and rules like Hard and Soft Acid-Base Principle (HSAB), Maximum Hardness Principle, Minimum Polarizability, Minimum Electrophilicity Principles and Maximum Composite Hardness Rule introduced by one of the authors of this review are so useful to predict the mechanisms and powers of chemical systems. Especially, it cannot be ignored the success of HSAB Principle in the explanations and highlighting of biochemical interactions. RESULTS: Both theoretical analysis and experimental studies confirmed that flavonoids have higher inhibition effect against lung cancer. In addition to many superior properties like anticancer activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic effect of flavonoids, their toxicities are also explained with the help of published popular papers. Action modes of the mentioned compounds are given in detail. CONCLUSION: The review includes detailed information about the mentioned electronic structure principles and rules and their applications in the cancer research. In addition, the epidemiology and types of lung cancer anticancer activity of flavonoids in lung cancer are explained in details.
RESUMEN
This research article proposes a simple, quick, green and cheap approach for the determination of total selenium in food samples using alcohol-DES based vortex-assisted homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction (alcohol-DES-VA-HLLME) combination with hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG AAS). Analyte, complexing agent and working pH were Se(IV), Sudan-II and pH 4.0, respectively. In order to analyze the nature of the chemical interaction between Se(IV) ion and Sudan-II ligand, experimental results were supported with computational chemistry tools calculating quantum chemical descriptors like frontier orbital energies, hardness, softness, electronegativity, electrophilicity, nucleophilicity, transferred electron from the ligand to ion, electron donating power, electron accepting power, complexation energy, molecule-ion interaction energy. In addition, the alcohol-DES-VA-HLLME method was earned a good detection limit of 3.5 ng L-1 and a wide calibration curve in the concentration range of 12-300 ng L-1 (r: 0.9981). The validity of the method was evaluated by analyzing the two standard reference material (SRMs). The recoveries and relative standard deviations for 25 and 100 ng L-1 of Se(IV) (N:5) were in the range of 1.2-2.5% and 92.1-103.7% respectively, which proved acceptable. The analytical results showed that the proposed method had important features such as cheapness, green, quick extraction and reuse, which made it attractive for the determination and efficient extraction of total selenium in the food samples.