RESUMEN
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and blood cell transfusions are performed commonly in patients with a variety of blood disorders. Unfortunately, these donor-derived cell therapies are constrained due to limited supplies, infectious risk factors, a lack of appropriately matched donors, and the risk of immunologic complications from such products. The use of autologous cell therapies has been proposed to overcome these shortcomings. One can derive such therapies directly from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of individuals, which can then be manipulated ex vivo to produce the desired modifications or differentiated to produce a particular target population. Alternatively, pluripotent stem cells, which have a theoretically unlimited self-renewal capacity and an ability to differentiate into any desired cell type, can be used as an autologous starting source for such manipulation and differentiation approaches. Such cell products can also be used as a delivery vehicle for therapeutics. In this review, we highlight recent advances and discuss ongoing challenges for the in vitro generation of autologous hematopoietic cells that can be used for cell therapy.
Asunto(s)
Células Sanguíneas/citología , Células Sanguíneas/trasplante , Transfusión de Sangre Autóloga , Tratamiento Basado en Trasplante de Células y Tejidos , Animales , Células Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Diferenciación Celular , Proliferación Celular , Tratamiento Basado en Trasplante de Células y Tejidos/métodos , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/citología , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/metabolismo , Humanos , Trasplante AutólogoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Visceral obesity contributes to the development of obesity-related disorders such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver disease, as well as cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we determined whether topical application of capsaicin can reduce fat accumulation in visceral adipose tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS: We first observed that topical application of 0.075% capsaicin to male mice fed a high-fat diet significantly reduced weight gain and visceral fat. Fat cells were markedly smaller in the mesenteric and epididymal adipose tissues of mice treated with capsaicin cream. The capsaicin treatment also lowered serum levels of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Immunoblot analysis and RT-PCR revealed increased expression of adiponectin and other adipokines including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, PPARγ, visfatin, and adipsin, but reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that topical application of capsaicin to obese mice limits fat accumulation in adipose tissues and may reduce inflammation and increase insulin sensitivity.
Asunto(s)
Adipoquinas/metabolismo , Capsaicina/uso terapéutico , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Grasa Intraabdominal/efectos de los fármacos , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Administración Tópica , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Capsaicina/administración & dosificación , Capsaicina/farmacología , Capsicum/química , Colesterol/sangre , Factor D del Complemento/metabolismo , Epidídimo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Grasa Intraabdominal/citología , Grasa Intraabdominal/metabolismo , Masculino , Mesenterio , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Obesos , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferasa/metabolismo , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Triglicéridos/sangre , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Antioxidant properties of brown seaweed (Sargassum siliquastrum) extracts were evaluated using various antioxidant measurements, i.e., inhibitory effect on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating effect, reducing power effect, and total phenolic compounds. When the extraction solvents n-hexane, chloroform, ethanol, and water were compared, the water extract showed the highest yield in extracted mass. Total phenolic compounds were the highest in the ethanol extract, with 127.4 mg/g. The TBARS inhibition of chloroform and ethanol extracts at 10 mg/mL was 90.9% and 80.9%, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging capacity was more than 90% in all extracts at 1 mg/mL. The chloroform extract exhibited the highest metal ion chelating ability of 69.6% at 10 mg/mL. The reducing power was found to be the highest in the ethanol extract at 10 mg/mL, showing an effect similar to ascorbic acid. Thus, the ethanol extract of S. siliquastrum has potential as a natural antioxidant.