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1.
Plants (Basel) ; 12(22)2023 Nov 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38005737

RESUMEN

Salvia plebeia (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant containing diverse bioactive constituents that have biological properties. In this study, we determined the optimal conditions (media and auxin) for the hairy root culture of S. plebeia for the growth and accumulation of phenolic compounds and evaluated its antioxidant activities. Rosmarinic acid and five phenylpropanoids were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. The hairy roots grown in 1/2 SH medium with 1 mg/L NAA had a high level of rosmarinic acid content. Hairy roots cultured in 1 mg/L NAA had the highest total content of five phenylpropanoids. Compared to wild-type roots grown in the field, hairy roots (NAA 1) expressed similar levels of rosmarinic acid but significantly enhanced phenylpropanoid accumulation. Furthermore, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of hairy roots (NAA 1) were 2.22 and 1.73 times higher than those of wild-type roots. In the results of DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays, the hairy roots (NAA 1) showed higher free radical scavenging effects and reduction potential than the wild-type roots. These results suggest that S. plebeia hairy roots cultured under optimal conditions, which exhibit enhanced phenolic compound accumulation and antioxidant activity, can potentially be used as sources of antioxidants.

2.
Antioxidants (Basel) ; 12(8)2023 Aug 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37627551

RESUMEN

Schizandrae Fructus (SF) and Hoveniae Semen cum Fructus (HSCF) have long been used as medicinal herbs for treating various diseases in Asian traditional medicine. In the current study, we investigated the protective effect of fermented SF pomace and HSCF extract 1:1 (w:w) combination mixture (MSH) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury mice. After MSH (50-200 mg/kg) oral administration for 7 consecutive days, animals were injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 (0.5 mL/kg). Histopathological observation revealed that administration of MSH synergistically decreased the degeneration of hepatocytes and the infiltration of inflammatory cells induced by CCl4. Moreover, MSH administration reduced the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in serum, and mitigated apoptotic cell death in hepatic parenchyma. In addition, MSH alleviated CCl4-mediated lipid peroxidation by restoring endogenous antioxidants capacities including glutathione contents, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. In vitro assessments using tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells revealed that MSH protects hepatocytes by lowering ROS generation and lipid peroxidation via upregulating the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 and the expression of antioxidant genes. Furthermore, MSH synergistically attenuated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in CCl4-injured liver and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that MSH has the potential to prevent acute liver damage by effectively suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation.

3.
Antioxidants (Basel) ; 12(8)2023 Aug 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37627597

RESUMEN

Schizandrae Fructus (SF), fruits of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. and Hoveniae Semen cum Fructus (HSCF), the dried peduncle of Hovenia dulcis Thunb., have long been used for alcohol detoxification in the traditional medicine of Korea and China. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the potential synergistic hepatoprotective effect of a combination mixture (MSH) comprising fermented SF pomace (fSFP) and HSCF hot water extracts at a 1:1 (w:w) ratio against ethanol-induced liver toxicity. Subacute ethanol-mediated hepatotoxicity was induced by the oral administration of ethanol (5 g/kg) in C57BL/6J mice once daily for 14 consecutive days. One hour after each ethanol administration, MSH (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was also orally administered daily. MSH administration significantly reduced the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. Histological observation indicated that MSH administration synergistically and significantly decreased the fatty changed region of hepatic parenchyma and the formation of lipid droplet in hepatocytes. Moreover, MSH significantly attenuated the hepatic triglyceride accumulation through reducing lipogenesis genes expression and increasing fatty acid oxidation genes expression. In addition, MSH significantly inhibited protein nitrosylation and lipid peroxidation by lowering cytochrome P450 2E1 enzyme activity and restoring the glutathione level, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in liver. Furthermore, MSH synergistically decreased the mRNA level of tumor necrosis factor-α in the hepatic tissue. These findings indicate that MSH has potential for preventing alcoholic liver disease through inhibiting hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

4.
Front Pharmacol ; 13: 1014840, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36386241

RESUMEN

Yuk-Gunja-Tang (YG) is the Korean traditional medicine in East Asia for gastrointestinal disorders. In the present study, we determined the protective effects of YG on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells and mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. In vitro assessments were performed using a cell viability assay, flow cytometry, and Western blotting, while in vivo assessments were performed in C57BL/6 mice administered with YG for 7 days and injected with scopolamine (1 mg/kg) for 7 days. We assessed the memory function using the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tests. Protein expression analyses and histological analyses were performed using hippocampal tissues. YG treatment significantly restored cell viability against glutamate-induced apoptosis. It significantly suppressed glutamate-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. It also increased Bcl-2 protein expression and decreased HO-1 protein expression. It activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element binding protein (ERK/CREB) signaling pathway and increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) under excitotoxic conditions. In the scopolamine-injected mice, YG ameliorated memory impairment in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tests; restored dysfunction in the acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase expression levels; reduced neuronal damage in Nissl staining; and increased BDNF and phosphorylated ERK and CREB levels in Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Thus, YG exerted neuroprotective effects by activating ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling in the hippocampus, indicating its potential cognition-enhancing effects, especially in Alzheimer's disease.

5.
Plants (Basel) ; 11(21)2022 Nov 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36365410

RESUMEN

When plants are exposed to stressful conditions, they modulate their nutrient balance by regulating their primary and secondary metabolisms to adapt. In this study, changes in primary and secondary metabolites elicited by chilling stress treatment and the effects of treatment duration were examined in roots of Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) plantlets. The concentrations of most sugars (maltose, glucose, sucrose, and fructose) and of several amino acids (proline and GABA), which are crucial regarding plant defense mechanisms, increased with increasing duration of chilling stress. Furthermore, salicylic acid levels increased after two-day chilling treatments, which may enhance plant tolerance to cold temperatures. The concentrations of flavones (baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin) increased during chilling stress, and those of phenolic acids (ferulic acid and sinapic acid) increased after two-day chilling treatments. The concentrations of these flavones were positively correlated with sucrose levels which acted as energy sources.

6.
Plants (Basel) ; 11(14)2022 Jul 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35890531

RESUMEN

Astragalus membranaceus has been used as a highly popular Chinese herbal medicine for centuries. Triterpenoids, namely astragalosides I, II, III, and IV, represent the main active compounds in this plant species. Transcription factors have a powerful effect on metabolite biosynthesis in plants. We investigated the effect of the Arabidopsis MYB12, production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1), and maize leaf color (LC) transcription factors in regulating the synthesis of astragaloside metabolites in A. membranaceus. Overexpression of these transcription factors in hairy roots differentially up-regulated these active compounds. Specifically, the overexpression of LC resulted in the accumulation of astragalosides I-IV. The content of astragalosides I and IV were, in particular, more highly accumulated. Overexpression of MYB12 increased the accumulation of astragaloside I in transgenic hairy roots, followed by astragaloside IV, and overexpression of PAP1 resulted in the increased synthesis of astragalosides I and IV. In addition, we found that overexpression of PAP1 together with LC increased astragaloside III levels. At the transcriptional level, several key genes of the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway, especially HMGR1, HMGR2, and HMGR3, were up-regulated differentially in response to these transcription factors, resulting in astragaloside synthesis in the hairy roots of A. membranaceus. Overall, our results indicated that heterologous expression of Arabidopsis MYB12, PAP1, and maize LC differentially affected triterpenoids biosynthesis, leading to the increased biosynthesis of active compounds in A. membranaceus.

7.
Front Plant Sci ; 13: 861036, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35498655

RESUMEN

The methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is responsible for providing common precursors for the biosynthesis of diverse plastidial terpenoids, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phytohormones, in plants. In rice (Oryza sativa), the last-step genes encoding 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase [HDR/isoprenoid synthesis H (IspH)] have been annotated in two genes (OsIspH1 and OsIspH2) in the rice genome. The spatial transcript levels indicated that OsIspH1 is highly expressed in all tissues at different developmental stages, whereas OsIspH2 is barely expressed due to an early stop in exon 1 caused by splicing error. OsIspH1 localized into plastids and osisph1, a T-DNA inserted knockout mutant, showed an albino phenotype, indicating that OsIspH1 is the only functional gene. To elucidate the role of OsIspH1 in the MEP pathway, we created two single (H145P and K407R) and double (H145P/K407R) mutations and performed complementation tests in two hdr mutants, including Escherichia coli DLYT1 strains and osisph1 rice plants. The results showed that every single mutation retained HDR function, but a double mutation lost it, proposing that the complementary relations of two residues might be important for enzyme activity but not each residue. When overexpressed in rice plants, the double-mutated gene, OsIspH1MUT , reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis in the leaves and seeds. It confirmed the crucial role of OsIspH1 in plastidic terpenoid biosynthesis, revealing organ-specific differential regulation of OsIspH1 in rice plants.

8.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 599: 134-141, 2022 04 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35182939

RESUMEN

Metabolic abnormalities are tightly connected to the perturbation of normal brain functions, thereby causing multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The hypothalamus is the master unit that controls the whole-body energy homeostasis. Thus, altered metabolic activity in the hypothalamus could be a crucial clue to better understand the development of metabolic disorders during aging. The current study aimed to investigate the changes in hypothalamic metabolites according to the aging process using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We identified that multiple metabolites and neurotransmitters were effectively reduced in the hypothalamus of aged mice. In addition, we observed increased levels of genes linked to the production and utilization of monocarboxylates in the aged hypothalamus, indicating the initiation of metabolic activity to produce alternative nutrient sources. Lastly, we found a reduced number of astrocytes in the hypothalamus of aged mice, suggesting that reduced nutrient availability in the hypothalamus might be associated with the decreased activity of astrocytes during aging. Collectively, the present study suggests that the deterioration of metabolic activities in the hypothalamus might be a primary cause and/or outcome of metabolic diseases associated with the aging process.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Metaboloma/fisiología , Animales , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Sangre/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía/inmunología , Hipotálamo/citología , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL
9.
Oxid Med Cell Longev ; 2021: 6970578, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34900088

RESUMEN

Since ancient times, Banhasasim-tang (BHS) has been used to treat functional dyspepsia in East Asia. Here, we aimed to determine the protective action of BHS on hippocampal neurons against oxidative stress. We investigated the functional effect of BHS on a scopolamine-induced mouse model, and molecular analysis was performed in glutamate-induced HT22 cells. We observed that BHS administration ameliorated memory dysfunction in scopolamine-treated mice. BHS administration also increased neuronal survival and acetylcholine activity and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus of mice. In hippocampal cells, BHS treatment rescued glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. We observed an increase of HO-1 and a decrease of Nrf2 protein expression in glutamate-induced oxidative stress; however, the expression level of these proteins was significantly rescued by BHS treatment. BHS treatment also regulated phosphorylation of p38, p53, ERK, and CREB. Therefore, our data indicated that BHS may reduce oxidative stress through regulation of ERK-CREB and p38-p53 signaling in the hippocampus, resulting in decreased neuronal damage and improved memory in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease.


Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Memoria Espacial/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/farmacología , Hipocampo/citología , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Escopolamina/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo
10.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat ; 17: 3183-3194, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34707357

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: The potential effects of herbal medicine for patients with cognitive disorders have been reported in various human and animal studies. This study aimed to explore the effect of herbal medicine treatment according to the Korean Medicine (KM) pattern identification for patients with mild cognitive impairment and early dementia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia who planned to receive herbal medicine treatment were enrolled. Herbal formulae were prescribed based on the KM pattern for 12-24 weeks. Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery II (SNSB-II) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were assessed at the baseline, after 12 weeks, and after 24 weeks (Trial registration: cris.nih.go.kr, KCT0004799). RESULTS: Herbal medicine products, including Yukmijihwang-tang, Samhwangsasim-tang, Palmul-tang, Banhasasim-tang, and Yukgunja-tang, were prescribed to the patients. Among the SNSB-II five cognitive function domains, the T scores for language, visuospatial function, memory, and frontal/executive function increased over time. The MoCA score also improved following the treatment (mean difference 4.23 [95% CI: 2.60, 5.86], p < 0.0001 at 12-week follow-up compared to the baseline). Considering the KM pattern scores, phlegm-dampness and fire-heat scores tended to improve after the treatment. No serious adverse events related to the intervention were reported. CONCLUSION: The potential effect of herbal medicine formulae products on improving cognitive functions in patients with cognitive impairment was observed. Further research is needed to objectify the KM pattern identification process and evaluate the KM pattern-related signs and symptoms.

11.
Plants (Basel) ; 10(5)2021 May 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34066714

RESUMEN

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have recently been considered an efficient artificial light source in plant factories for enhancing plant growth and nutritional quality. Accordingly, this study aimed to review blue, red, and white LED light sources for efficiency and length of the growing period to produce seedlings of Scutellaria baicalensis with high nutritional value. The roots, stems, and leaves of S. baicalensis seedlings were grown under different LED lights and harvested after two and four weeks, and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify and quantify primary and secondary metabolites. Roots, particularly in the seedlings treated with white LEDs were determined to contain the greatest concentrations of the representative compounds present in S. baicalensis: baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, which show highly strong biological properties compared to the other plant organs. A total of 50 metabolites (amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, phenolic acids, and amines) were detected in the roots, stems, and leaves of S. baicalensis seedlings, and the concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites were generally decreased with the increasing duration of LED illumination. Therefore, this study suggests that white LED light and a 2-week growing period are the most efficient conditions for the production of baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin.

12.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(9)2021 Apr 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33947048

RESUMEN

Hemistepta lyrata (Bunge) Bunge is a biennial medicinal plant possessing beneficial effects including anti-inflammation, and hemistepsin A (HsA) isolated from H. lyrata has been known as a hepatoprotective sesquiterpene lactone. In this report, we explored the cytotoxic effects of H. lyrata on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and investigated the associated bioactive compounds and their relevant mechanisms. From the viability results of HCC cells treated with various H. lyrata extracts, HsA was identified as the major compound contributing to the H. lyrata-mediated cytotoxicity. HsA increased expression of cleaved PARP and cells with Sub-G1 phase, Annexin V binding, and TUNEL staining, which imply HsA induces apoptosis. In addition, HsA provoked oxidative stress by decreasing the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and accumulating reactive oxygen species and glutathione-protein adducts. Moreover, HsA inhibited the transactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by its dephosphorylation at Y705 and glutathione conjugation. Stable expression of a constitutive active mutant of STAT3 prevented the reduction of cell viability by HsA. Finally, HsA enhanced the sensitivity of sorafenib-mediated cytotoxicity by exaggerating oxidative stress and Y705 dephosphorylation of STAT3. Therefore, HsA will be a promising candidate to induce apoptosis of HCC cells via downregulating STAT3 and sensitizing conventional chemotherapeutic agents.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Lactonas/farmacología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biosíntesis , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/biosíntesis , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Activación Transcripcional/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Genes Reporteros , Humanos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Estrés Oxidativo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/genética , Sorafenib/farmacología
13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33868441

RESUMEN

Porphyra tenera (laver) has long been a popular and traditional seaweed food in Korea, Japan, and China. Historically, it was known as a marine medicinal herb to treat hemorrhoids and cholera morbus in Donguibogam. We investigated the effects of P. tenera extract (PTE) for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities were measured using assays for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging and its superoxide dismutase- (SOD-) like activity, and through the inhibitory production of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), NO, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The antioxidant assay results showed that PTE displayed DPPH radical scavenging activity (46.44%), NO radical scavenging activity (67.14%), and SOD-like activity (80.29%) at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. In the anti-inflammatory assays, treatment with PTE (1 mg/mL) significantly inhibited expression levels of LPS-induced COX-2 and iNOS, as well as the production of PGE2, NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. These results show that PTE has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and provide scientific evidence to explain the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of PTE.

14.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 558: 44-50, 2021 06 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33895550

RESUMEN

Sickness symptoms exerted via inflammatory responses occur in several infectious and chronic diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that altered nutrient availability and metabolism are tightly coupled to inflammatory processes. However, the relationship between metabolic shifts and the development of the sickness response has not been explored fully. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate metabolic phenotypes with a mouse model showing sickness symptoms via systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the present study. LPS injection elevated the lipid utilization and circulating levels of fatty acids. It also increased the levels of ß-hydroxybutyric acid, a ketone body produced from fatty acids. We confirmed the functional connectivity between nutrient utilization and inflammatory responses and demonstrated enhanced lipid utilization in the hypothalamus providing insights into hypothalamic control of sickness responses. Collectively, these findings could help develop new therapeutic strategies to treat patients with severe sickness symptoms associated with infectious and chronic human diseases.


Asunto(s)
Conducta de Enfermedad/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta de Enfermedad/fisiología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Animales , Anorexia/etiología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Fiebre/etiología , Humanos , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos
15.
Int J Mol Sci ; 22(4)2021 Feb 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33557390

RESUMEN

Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, plays integral roles in lipid and glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Moreover, it has also been shown to have an impact on metabolic processes in the central nervous system. Astrocytes comprise the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system and actively participate in metabolic processes between blood vessels and neurons. However, the ability of adiponectin to control nutrient metabolism in astrocytes has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of adiponectin on multiple metabolic processes in hypothalamic astrocytes. Adiponectin enhanced glucose uptake, glycolytic processes and fatty acid oxidation in cultured primary hypothalamic astrocytes. In line with these findings, we also found that adiponectin treatment effectively enhanced synthesis and release of monocarboxylates. Overall, these data suggested that adiponectin triggers catabolic processes in astrocytes, thereby enhancing nutrient availability in the hypothalamus.


Asunto(s)
Adiponectina/metabolismo , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Adiponectina/genética , Animales , Astrocitos/citología , Metabolismo Energético , Femenino , Glucólisis , Hipotálamo/citología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Oxidación-Reducción
16.
J Agric Food Chem ; 69(4): 1300-1307, 2021 Feb 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33494603

RESUMEN

We profiled and quantified primary (amine, organic acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, amino acids, and carbohydrates) and secondary metabolites (triterpenoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) in the edible parts (leaves and fruits) of the diploid and tetraploid cultivar Morus alba L. 'Cheongil.' Through comprehensive metabolic profiling, the tetraploid mulberry cultivar was able to produce diverse metabolites supported by higher accumulation patterns of primary and secondary metabolites in their edible parts. In particular, the edible parts of the tetraploid showed higher accumulation patterns of most metabolites (amino acids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, and anthocyanins) than the diploid, which was supported by the results of principal component analyses (PCAs) showing a clear separation between the diploid and tetraploid groups. Additionally, this metabolome study comprehensively described the correlation between primary and secondary metabolites in the edible parts of diploid and tetraploid mulberry cultivars and provided information useful for plant breeding strategies to improve metabolite biosynthesis using polyploidy.


Asunto(s)
Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Morus/genética , Antocianinas/análisis , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Carotenoides/análisis , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Diploidia , Frutas/genética , Metabolómica , Morus/química , Morus/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales , Metabolismo Secundario , Tetraploidía
17.
Prep Biochem Biotechnol ; 51(5): 467-474, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33044115

RESUMEN

The dried root of Astragalus membranaceus is a well-known herbal medicine, and it is useful in treating chronic diseases and weakness, as well as for improving overall health and vitality. Astragalosides, which are root quality indicators of A. membranaceus, are natural triterpenoid saponins that are used in the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, there is an urgent need to improve their production because of their low quantity in plants and the difficulty of chemical synthesis. In this study, yeast extract was added to facilitate elicitation in Agrobacterium-mediated hairy root cultures, thereby enhancing astragaloside production in A. membranaceus. Results showed that yeast extract could stimulate astragaloside content effectively in the hairy roots of A. membranaceus. Moreover, astragaloside accumulation was positively correlated with the upregulation of mevalonate biosynthetic gene expression in the presence of yeast extract. Our study demonstrated that pretreatment with yeast extract (3.65 mM) for 72 h serves as an effective strategy to enhance astragaloside levels in A. membranaceus hairy root cultures. Thus, these optimal conditions can provide valuable information for the improvement of astragaloside industrial production in A. membranaceus.


Asunto(s)
Astragalus propinquus , Mezclas Complejas/farmacología , Células Vegetales/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Saponinas/biosíntesis , Triterpenos/metabolismo , Astragalus propinquus/citología , Astragalus propinquus/metabolismo , Mezclas Complejas/química , Medios de Cultivo , Raíces de Plantas/citología , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo
18.
J Agric Food Chem ; 68(50): 14758-14767, 2020 Dec 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33264023

RESUMEN

Global climate change and the industrial revolution have increased the concentration of tropospheric ozone, a photochemical air pollutant that can negatively affect plant growth and crop production. In the present study, we investigated the effects of O3 on the metabolites and transcripts of tartary buckwheat. A total of 36 metabolites were identified by gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and principal component analysis was performed to verify the metabolic differences between nontreated and O3-treated tartary buckwheat. The content of threonic acid increased after 2 days of the O3 treatment, whereas it decreased after 4 days of exposure, after which it gradually increased until the eighth day of exposure. In addition, the levels of most metabolites decreased significantly after the O3 treatment. On the contrary, the levels of two anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, increased more than 11.36- and 11.43-fold, respectively, after the O3 treatment. To assess the effect of O3 on the genomic level, we analyzed the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes in O3-treated and nontreated buckwheat using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that the expression of all anthocyanin pathway genes increased significantly in the O3-treated buckwheat compared to that in the nontreated buckwheat. Altogether, our results suggested that O3 affected the transcripts and metabolites of tartary buckwheat, which would eventually cause phenotypic changes in plants.


Asunto(s)
Fagopyrum/efectos de los fármacos , Fagopyrum/metabolismo , Ozono/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Antocianinas/agonistas , Antocianinas/análisis , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Fagopyrum/genética , Fagopyrum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo
19.
ACS Omega ; 5(45): 29312-29324, 2020 Nov 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33225162

RESUMEN

Cirsium japonicum Fisch ex DC belongs to the Compositae family and has been used as a folk remedy source in Asian countries because of its health-promoting properties. It is known that C. japonicum contains flavonoids, furans, long-chain alcohols, sterols, and volatile oils. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of secondary metabolite biosynthesis remains poorly understood. Therefore, transcriptome analysis and metabolic profiling were performed using different parts of C. japonicum to investigate phenylpropanoid metabolism. Based on the BLASTX search results, we identified 29 orthologs of enzymes responsible for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Additionally, 75 metabolites were identified in C. japonicum. Most of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes were significantly expressed ranging from 2.6- to 500-fold higher in the flowers than those in the leaves. Correspondently, the total content of flavonols was 21-fold higher in the flowers than in the roots. However, the total level of flavones showed 58-fold higher amounts in the leaves than in the flowers. Additionally, the total content of flavanols was 19-fold higher in the leaves than in the roots. The results of this study provide transcriptomic and metabolic information to elucidate the tissue-specific phenylpropanoid metabolism of C. japonicum.

20.
Molecules ; 25(16)2020 Aug 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32824755

RESUMEN

Black ginseng (BG) has better health benefits than white ginseng. The intake of BG changes the levels of metabolites, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and other metabolites. However, there is no research on the effect of BG extract intake on the metabolic profile of dog serum. In this study, serum metabolic profiling was conducted to investigate metabolic differences following the intake of BG extracts in beagle dogs. The beagle dogs were separated into three groups and fed either a regular diet (RD, control), RD with a medium concentration of BG extract (BG-M), or RD with a high concentration of BG extract (BG-H). Differences were observed among the three groups after the dogs ingested the experimental diet for eight weeks. The concentrations of alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine changed with the intake of BG extracts. Furthermore, levels of glycine and ß-alanine increased in the BG-H group compared to the control and BG-M groups, indicating that BG extracts are associated with anti-inflammatory processes. Our study is the first to demonstrate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of BG extract in beagle dogs. Glycine and ß-alanine are proposed as candidate serum biomarkers in dogs that can discriminate between the effects of ingesting BG-H.


Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Dieta , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Metaboloma/efectos de los fármacos , Panax/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/metabolismo , Masculino
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