RESUMEN
In this study, the effect of Codonopsis lanceolata fermented by lactic acid on controlling gene expression levels related to obesity was observed in an oligonucleotide chip microarray. Among 8170 genes, 393 genes were up regulated and 760 genes were down regulated in feeding the fermented C. lanceolata (FCL). Another 374 genes were up regulated and 527 genes down regulated without feeding the sample. The genes were not affected by the FCL sample. It was interesting that among those genes, Chytochrome P450, Dmbt1, LOC76487, and thyroid hormones, etc., were mostly up or down regulated. These genes are more related to lipid synthesis. We could conclude that the FCL possibly controlled the gene expression levels related to lipid synthesis, which resulted in reducing obesity. However, more detailed protein expression experiments should be carried out.
Asunto(s)
Codonopsis/metabolismo , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Obesidad/genética , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Unión al ADN , Fermentación , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Ácido Láctico/química , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Hígado/enzimología , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Mucinas/biosíntesis , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Plantas Medicinales/metabolismo , Hormonas Tiroideas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Supresoras de TumorRESUMEN
Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) have been traditionally used to treat lung inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, tonsillitis, and pharyngitis. The present study was performed to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing effects of steamed and fermented C. lanceolata in scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. Cognitive abilities were determined by the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. Mice orally received fermented C. lanceolata extract at doses of 100, 300, or 500 mg/kg body weight. Fermented C. lanceolata extract (500 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) significantly shortened the escape latency times that were increased by scopolamine on the 4th day of trial sessions in the Morris water maze task. In addition, it exerted longer step-through latency times than those of the scopolamine-treated group in the passive avoidance test. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of fermented C. lanceolata extract on glutamate-induced neurocytotoxicity were investigated in HT22 cells. Fermented C. lanceolata extract showed a relative protection ratio of 59.62% at 500 µ g/mL. In conclusion, fermented C. lanceolata extract ameliorated scopolamine-induced memory impairments, exerted neuroprotective effects, and improved activity compared to that found with original C. lanceolata. Further study will be required to investigate the mechanisms underlying this cognitive-enhancing activity.
RESUMEN
Aqueous extracts of Centella asiatica L. Urban were encapsulated by an edible biopolymer, gelatin, which has no effect on their cosmetic activities. The nanoparticles were w/o-type spherical liposomes that had an average diameter of 115.0nm. The encapsulation efficiency was estimated to be approximately 67%, which was relatively high for these aqueous extracts. The nanoparticles showed lower cytotoxicity (10%) in human skin fibroblast cells than the unencapsulated crude extract (15%) at 1.0mg/ml, this was possibly because a smaller amount of the extract was present in the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles efficiently reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 in UV-irradiated cells from 136.1% to 77.6% (UV-irradiated control) and inhibited hyaluronidase expression (>60%) at a concentration of 0.5mg/ml, which was higher than the levels produced by the unencapsulated crude extracts. The nanoparticles had a very high flux through mouse skin and also remained at relatively large concentrations in the derma when compared to the unencapsulated crude extracts. These results clearly indicate that the skin-protective activities of C. asiatica were significantly improved through the nano-encapsulation process. These findings also imply that a crude extract can be used and have the same efficacy as purified compounds, which should reduce the purification process and production costs.
Asunto(s)
Centella/química , Nanocápsulas/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Biopolímeros/química , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Pollos , Cosméticos , Femenino , Fibroblastos , Gelatina/química , Humanos , Hialuronoglucosaminidasa/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 1 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Pelados , Tamaño de la Partícula , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacocinética , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacocinética , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismoRESUMEN
We investigated the photobiomodulation effects of 1072 nm infrared light on the natural immune response involved in anti-bacterial and wound healing processes. Thirty mice infected with MRSA on the skin were divided into two groups. The experimental group was treated with 1072 nm infrared light (irradiance: 20 mW/cm(2), fluence: 12 J/cm(2) for 10 min) at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h, 3 and 5 days after inoculation and the control group with sham light. Serial changes of the mRNA levels of TLR2, IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, MCP-1, TGF-ß, bFGF and VEGF were studied by real time RT-PCR and those of the expression level of VEGF, bFGF, TGF-ß and NF-κB by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of the cytokines involved in the early phase of anti-bacterial immune response (IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1) increased significantly in the 1072 nm group, peaking between 12 and 24 h post-inoculation. These levels normalized after 3-5 days. Immunohistochemistry revealed a notably stronger expression of VEGF in the 1072 nm group from 8-h post-inoculation to 5-day post-inoculation. We concluded that 1072 nm infrared light had a photobiomodulation effect which resulted in an enhanced biological immune response to the bacterial infection by MRSA and also increased the expression of VEGF to a significant level.
Asunto(s)
Rayos Infrarrojos/uso terapéutico , Piel/inmunología , Piel/efectos de la radiación , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/inmunología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/radioterapia , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta en la Radiación , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de la radiación , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/genética , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Cicatrización de Heridas/inmunología , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the action of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a potential neuroprotective agent against Parkinson's disease (PD), and to test for toxicity resulting from high doses of EGCG. EGCG was administered to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice at two different doses (10mg/kg and 50mg/kg). EGCG treatment reduced the neuronal death rate to less than 50%. The level of iNOS expression in the MPTP group was 20% higher than that seen in the control group, but in the EGCG groups, iNOS expression was reduced to the level observed in the negative control group. The two doses of EGCG were equally beneficial for cell rescue, and no toxicity was observed with the higher dose. Inhibition of iNOS may be an important mechanism underlying the prevention of MPTP toxicity, and EGCG may potentially be a neuroprotective agent against PD.