RESUMEN
The effective production and usage of ginsenosides, given their distinct pharmacological effects, are receiving increasing amounts of attention. As the ginsenosides content differs in different parts of Panax ginseng, we wanted to assess and compare the ginsenosides content in the ginseng roots, leave, stems, and berries. To extract the ginsenosides, 70% (v/v) methanol was used. The optimal ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method was used to profile various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng. The datasets were then subjected to multivariate analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). A UPLC-QTOF/MS method with an in-house library was constructed to profile 58 ginsenosides. With this method, a total of 39 ginsenosides were successfully identified and quantified in the ginseng roots, leave, stem, and berries. PCA and HCA characterized the different ginsenosides compositions from the different parts. The quantitative ginsenoside contents were also characterized from each plant part. The results of this study indicate that the UPLC-QTOF/MS method can be an effective tool to characterize various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Ginsenósidos/química , Panax/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Tallos de la Planta/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodosRESUMEN
Bone remodeling and homeostasis are largely the result of the coordinated action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation. The differentiation of osteoblasts is regulated by the transcription factors, Runx2 and Osterix. Natural products of plant origin are still a major part of traditional medicinal systems in Korea. The root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (LR), the purple gromwell, is an herbal medicine used for inflammatory and infectious diseases. LR is an anti-inflammatory and exerts anticancer effects by inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the precise molecular signaling mechanisms of osteoblastogenesis as regards LR and osteoblast transcription are not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol (EtOH) extract of LR (LES) on the osteoblast differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and the potential involvement of Runx2 and Osterix in these effects. We found that the LES exhibited an ability to induce osteoblast differentiation. LES increased the expression of the osteoblast marker, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as its activity, as shown by ALP staining and ALP activity assay. LES also increased mineralization, as shown by Alizarin Red S staining. Treatment with LES increased the protein levels (as shown by immunoblotting), as well as the transcriptional activity of Runx2 and Osterix and enhanced osteogenic activity. These results suggest that LES modulates osteoblast differentiation at least in part through Runx2 and Osterix.
Asunto(s)
Subunidad alfa 1 del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/genética , Etanol/química , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Lithospermum/química , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Proteína Morfogenética Ósea 4/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Subunidad alfa 1 del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Ratones , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Osteogénesis/genética , Factor de Transcripción Sp7 , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Three minor ginsenosides, namely, ginsenoside Rh6 (1), vina-ginsenoside R4 (2) and vina-ginsenoside R13 (3), were isolated from the leaves of hydroponic Panax ginseng. The chemical structures were determined based on spectroscopic methods, including fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS), 1D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 2D-NMR, and, infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The melanogenic inhibitory activity of compounds 1, 2 and 3 was 23.9%, 27.8% and 35.2%, respectively, at a concentration of 80 µM. Likewise, the three compounds showed inhibitory activity on body pigmentation on a zebrafish model, which is commonly used as a model for biomedical or cosmetic research. These results from in vitro and in vivo systems suggest that the three aforementioned compounds isolated from Panax ginseng may have potential as new skin whitening compounds.
Asunto(s)
Ginsenósidos/química , Ginsenósidos/farmacología , Melaninas/metabolismo , Panax/química , Animales , Línea Celular , Ginsenósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Pigmentación de la Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Pez CebraRESUMEN
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) contains several types of ginsenosides, which are considered the major active medicinal components of ginseng. The types and quantities of ginsenosides found in ginseng may differ, depending on the location of cultivation, making it necessary to establish a reliable method for distinguishing cultivation locations of ginseng roots. P. ginseng roots produced in different regions of Korea, China, and Japan have been unintentionally confused in herbal markets owing to their complicated plant sources. PCA and PLS-DA using RRLC-QTOF/MS data was able to differentiate between ginsengs cultivated in Korea, China, and Japan. The chemical markers accountable for such variations were identified through a PCA loadings plot, tentatively identified by RRLC-QTOF/MS and partially verified by available reference standards. The classification result can be used to identify P. ginseng origin.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Liquida , Espectrometría de Masas , Medicina Tradicional de Asia Oriental/normas , Metabolómica , Panax/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Ginsenósidos/química , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Metabolómica/métodos , Estructura Molecular , Control de CalidadRESUMEN
A new cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside, agroastragaloside V (1) was isolated from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus. The structure was identified as 3-O-ß-(2'-O-acetyl)-D-xylopyranosyl-6-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(24S)-3ß,6α,24α,25-tetrahydroxy- 9,19-cyclolanostane, by means of spectroscopic methods, including HR-FAB/MS, 1D NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT), 2D NMR (gCOSY, gHSQC, gHMBC, NOESY), and IR spectroscopy. Four known cycloartane glycosides, namely, agroastragaloside I (2), agroastragaloside II (3), isoastragaloside II (4) and astragaloside IV (5) were also isolated. All isolated compounds were tested for the ability to inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/análisis , Astragalus propinquus/química , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Saponinas/análisis , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Glicósidos/análisis , Glicósidos/química , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Extractos Vegetales/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Saponinas/química , Triterpenos/análisis , Triterpenos/químicaRESUMEN
A new lignan, named acanthosessilin A (1), as well as eight known lignan and lignan glycosides 2-9 were isolated from an ethanolic extract of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus fruits. The chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, including HR-EIMS, 1D NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT), 2D NMR (gCOSY, gHSQC, gHMBC, NOESY), and IR spectroscopy. All isolated compounds were tested for the ability to inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages.